DKS 4313

COMPUTER
NETWORKING

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
OBJECTIVES
After completing these slides you will:
Be able to differentiate between peer-to-peer and server-based networks.
Be able to identify a network topology.
Understand the different types of network cabling.
Be able to explain the differences between various network access methods.
Understand Ethernet issues.
Identify logical layers of the internet.
Be able to explain when a specific network protocol is used.
Understand the difference between a MAC address and an IP address.
NETWORKING OVERVIEW
A network is two or more devices capable of communicating and sharing resources
between them.
Two types of networks are LAN and WAN:
 LAN (Local Area Network) – A group of devices sharing resources in a single area
such as a room or a building.
 WAN (Wide Area Network) – Two or more LANs communicating, often across large
distances. The most famous WAN is the Internet.
TYPES OF LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
Two types of LANs are Server-Based and Peer-to-Peer Network:
 Server-Based Network – A basic type of LAN wherein users login to a controlling
computer, called a server and is more secure. The server contains information about
who can connect to the network and to what shared resources. It also provides some of
these resources. These networks normally consist of 10 or more computers.
 Peer-to-Peer Network – One of two basic types of LANs wherein each computer user
acts as a server. Each computer stores password and sharing information for its own
resources. Usually has fewer than 10 computers.
NOS (Network Operating System) – Special operating system on a server containing
utilities for managing users, resources, and security.
TYPES OF LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
Server-Based Network

Network – Figure # 1
TYPES OF LOCAL AREA
Peer-to PeerNETWORKS
Network

Network – Figure # 2
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Network Topology – Maps of how the physical or logical paths of network devices connect. The three major
topologies are star, ring, and bus.
Star Topology – Most common Ethernet network topology where each device connects to a central hub or
switch.
Hub – A device used with the Universal Serial Bus or in a star network topology that allows multiple device
connections.
Switch – In star networks, a Layer 2 central controlling device. A switch looks at each data frame as it comes
through each port.
Ring Topology – Network that is physically wired like a star network but, logically in a ring; passes control
from one device to the next in a continuous fashion using a special data packet called a token. Used in
Token Ring networks.
Bus Topology – Network wherein all devices connect to a single cable. If the cable fails, the network is down.
Mesh Topology – Network where all devices connect to each other by cabling to provide link redundancy for
maximum fault tolerance. Most likely in WANs.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Hub/Switch

Network – Figure # 3
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Star Topology

Network – Figure # 4
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Logical Ring Topology

Network – Figure # 5
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Bus Topology

Network – Figure # 6
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Network Topologies

Network – Table # 1
NETWORK CABLING
Cable is normally used as a medium for transporting network data. The most common
types are twisted-pair and fiber-optic, although coax is still used in some old networks.
Twisted-Pair Cable – Network cable of eight copper wires twisted into four pairs to prevent
crosstalk.
 UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair) – Most common network cable that comes in different
categories for different uses. Categories 3 (voice-grade), 4, and 5 (data). It is unshielded and more
susceptible to interference.
 STP (Shielded Twisted-Pair) – Same as UTP cable, but with extra foil to prevent outside noise
from interfering with data on the cable.
Crosstalk – Where signals from one wire interfere with the signal on an adjacent wire.
Plenum cable is treated with Teflon or fire retardant materials to reduce the risk of fire. It
produces less smoke and is less toxic when burning.
NETWORK CABLING
Fiber-Optic Cable – An expensive network cabling made of plastic or glass fibers
that carry data in the form of light pulses. Most often used to connect network
devices such as switches together into a network backbone or for connecting
networks together in a WAN. More secure and not affected by crosstalk or other
interference like copper cable.
 Single-Mode – A type of fiber-optic cabling that sends one light beam down the cable.
Used for longer distance applications.
 Multi-Mode – A type of fiber-optic cabling that allows multiple light signals to be sent
along the same cable. Used for shorter distances.
Coaxial Cable – Type of copper network cabling used in older Ethernet networks as
well as mainframe and minicomputer connections. Has a single, center wire
conductor with an outer braided shield.
NETWORK CABLING
UTP Cable

Network – Figure # 7
NETWORK CABLING
Fiber-Optic Cable

Network – Figure # 11
NETWORK CABLING
Coax Cable with Connector

Network – Figure # 12
ACCESS METHODS
There are standard rules by which computers on a network must adhere to in
order to communicate. These rules are known as a common access method.
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect) – A common access
method used by Ethernet.
Token Passing – The common access method used by fiber and Token Ring
networks.
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) – A common access
method used in wireless and Apple networks.
Token – Small data packet passed from one networked device to another in a ring
topology.
ETHERNET ISSUES AND CONCEPTS
Two types of transmissions used in Ethernet networks:
Half Duplex – A serial device setting that allows either the sending or the receiving
device to send data, one device at a time. Data can travel both ways on a cable,
but not at the same time.
Full Duplex – A serial device setting that allows the sending and receiving device to
send data simultaneously. Data can travel both ways on a cable at the same
time.
LAYERS OF THE INTERNET
One logical view of the Internet has five layers
 Physical Layer – Layer 1 this model defines how bits are sent and received across the
network between two pieces of hardware.
 Data Link Layer – in layer 2 bits are transferred across the network by encapsulating
(grouping) them into frames.
 Network Layer – in layer 3 the segments are sent between the sender and receiver.
 Transport Layer – in layer 4 breaks a message into segments and passes to the
Network Layer.
 Application Layer – in layer 5 we have network related applications like telnet, ftp,
etc.
LAYERS OF THE INTERNET

In the Physical layer actual bits are sent either as electrical signals on wires, or
electromagnetic radiation through fiber-optic cables or transmitted.
In the Data Link layer the information being transmitted is a frame that has the
actual info (datagram), header and trailer. The frame headers use MAC
addresses to identify source and destination.
The Data Link layer is implemented in the network adapter (NIC) and is a
combination of hardware, software, and firmware.
MAC (Media Access Control) is a 48-bit address burned in NIC ROM.
NETWORKING PROTOCOLS
Network Protocol – Specifications that define the network data communication
procedures to follow when sending and receiving data.
 TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) – the most common
network protocol used by most companies and home users as a standard protocol. Used
to access the Internet.
 IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange) – original
protocol used for connecting to Novell networks. Now TCP/IP is the standard protocol
used.
 NetBEUI (NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface) – is a non-routable protocol used in
simple networks; commonly found on peer-to-peer networks.
NETWORK ADDRESSING
Network devices have to be able to identify each other in order to communicate
across a network. They do this through various network addressing schemes.
MAC Address – One of two types of addresses assigned to network adapters, used
when two devices on same network communicate.
IP Address – A type of network adapter address used when multiple networks are
linked. It is a 32-bit binary number with groups of eight bits separated by a dot.
Network Number – Portion of an IP address that represents which network the
computer is on.
NETWORK ADDRESSING
Host Number – Portion of an IP address that represents the specific network device.
Broadcast Address – IP address used to communicate with all devices on a particular
network.
Subnet Mask – A number the computer uses to determine which part of an IP
address represents the network and which portion represents the host.
NETWORK ADDRESSING
IP Addressing (Network Number and Host Number)

Network – Figure # 15
NETWORK ADDRESSING
IP Addressing (Two Network Example)

Network – Figure # 16
NETWORK ADDRESSING
IP Address Information

Network – Table #5
CONFIGURING NETWORKING
Some key terms to understand when configuring computers for networking are:
UNC (Universal Naming Convention) – A standard way of naming computers and
shared resources on a network. Used at the command prompt to obtain network
shares.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) – A method to automatically assign IP
addresses to network devices from a pool of IP addresses. A computer requests an
address from another device running DHCP, usually a server, receives it, and
joins the network.
APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) – Assigns an IP address and mask to the
computer when a DHCP server is not available.
Default Gateway – The IP address of the Layer 3 device, such as a router, that is
directly connected to its immediate network and acts as a doorway or director to
other remote networks.
CONFIGURING NETWORKING
DNS (Domain Name System) Server – Application on a network server that
translates Internet names (also known as Fully Qualified Domain Names or
hostnames) into IP addresses.
URL (Universal Resource Locator) – A method of accessing Internet resources by
using a simple, easily remembered name assigned to an IP address. An example
of a URL is: www.scottjonespub.com, which is much easier to remember than
the IP address : 167.160.239.173.
WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service) Server – Keeps track of IP addresses
assigned to a specific computer name. A user can type in a computer name to
connect and the server will translate it to the computer’s IP address.
CONFIGURING NETWORKING
Default Gateway

Network – Figure #17

NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING
IPCONFIG – A command used with Windows 98, NT, and 2000 to see and
modify the current IP settings.
NSLOOKUP – An NT Server and 2000 Server troubleshooting tool that displays
network domain names and their associated IP addresses.
Tracert – A network troubleshooting command that displays the path a data packet
takes through a network, thus allowing one to see where a fault occurs in larger
networks.
NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING
Sample Network Configuration

Network – Figure #18

NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING
IPCONFIG

Network – Figure #20

DIAL-UP NETWORKING
There are several ways in which computers can connect to remote networks:
DUN (Dial-Up Networking) – A remote computer that dials into the Internet or a
corporation using a modem.
VPN (Virtual Private Networking) – A remote computer connecting to a remote
network by “tunneling” over an intermediate network, such as the Internet or a
LAN.
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) – A connection-oriented Layer 2 protocol that
encapsulates data for transmission over remote networks. Very common for
home users dialing in to the Internet.
DIAL-UP NETWORKING
Dial-Up Networking and VPN

Network – Figure #21

DIAL-UP NETWORKING
Network Connections

Network - Table #7
INTERNET SOFTWARE
Once a connection is established to a remote network there are several program
types that are useful for accessing data.
Browser – A program that views web pages across the Internet. The two most
common are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.
Proxy Server – Acts as an agent between an application and a real server for security
purposes.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) – is a protocol used for sending and
receiving email. Settings for configuring email can be obtained from the network
administrator or the ISP being used to connect to the Internet.
INTERNET SECURITY
There are three major points to remember:
 Keep service patches updated on a regular basis.
 The latest anti-virus software should be installed and constantly updated.
 If the computer connects to the internet, it should be connected behind a firewall.
Cookie – A special program written to collect information and store it on the hard
drive. This will contain your preferences when you visit a website.
Firewall – Software or hardware that protects one or more computers from outside
attacks.
NETWORK TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISE
Find Networking Terms and Acronyms below:
 Backbone Bandwidth Baseband
 Broadband E-mail Fast Ethernet
 FDDI Frame FTP
 HTML HTTP Infrared
 Packet POP SNMP
 TCP Telnet UDP
EXERCISE:

Types of Networks
• Local area network(LAN)
• Metropolitan area network(MAN)
• Wide area network(WAN)
• Personal area network (PAN)
• Campus area network (CAN)
• Global area networks (GAN)
• Virtual private network (VPN)
WIRELESS NETWORKS OVERVIEW
Wireless Networks – Transmit data over air using either infrared or radio
frequencies. Wireless networks operate at layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model.
WIRELESS NETWORKS TYPES
There are two main types of wireless networks:
 Ad hoc – also known as peer-to-peer or IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set) – An ad
hoc wireless network is when at least two devices such as two computers have wireless
NICs.
 Infrastructure – Wireless network that connects multiple wireless network devices
through an Access Point.
Access Point – is similar to a network hub and connects wireless network devices.
There are three major types of wireless NICs: PC Card, USB, and PCI.
WIRELESS NETWORKS TYPES
BSS (Basic Service Set) – Configuration when multiple devices connect to an Access
Point.
ESS (Extended Service Set) – The network design when multiple Access Points
connect to the same main network.
SSID (Service Set Identifier) - A set of 32 alpha numeric characters used to
differentiate between wireless networks.
The channel ID (frequency) between the Access Point and the adapter must match
for communication to occur.
WIRELESS NETWORKS TYPES
802.11b Frequency Channels

Network – Table #12

WIRELESS NETWORK SECURITY OVERVIEW
Wireless networks by their nature are insecure.
All transmissions over air occur in clear text making them easy to compromise.
AUTHENTICATION AND WEP
Authentication is the process of determining that a network device or person has
permission to enter the wireless network through the access point.
Open Authentication – Allows a wireless network device to send a frame to the
access point with the sender’s identity (MAC address). It is used when no
authentication is required.
Shared Key Authentication – Requires the use of a shared key to communicate.
WEP (Wireless Equivalent Privacy) – Encrypts data when shared key authentication
is used.
Encryption – the process of converting data into an unreadable format.
DEFAULT SETTINGS
All wireless networks have default passwords and SSIDs. They should be changed
immediately to prevent hackers from gaining access.
SSID Broadcasting – The access point periodically sends out a beacon frame that
includes the SSID.

Default Access Point Passwords