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Introduction to Biostatistics

Benny Setiawan August 28th 2023

What is the essence of biostatistics?
1 Choosing suitable techniques for gathering data

2 Displaying the acquired data effectively.

3 Examining and making sense of the findings.

4 Formulating conclusions and decisions based on

the analysis.
What is the essence of biostatistics? Examples

Figure 1. Kaplan–Meier Curves Showing Figure 2. Age- and Sex-Adjusted Hazard Ratios for
Cardiovascular Events According to Quartile of Cardiovascular Events According to the Level of Glutathione
Glutathione Peroxidase 1 Activity. Peroxidase 1 Activity and Smoking Status.
Blankenberg S, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Torzewski M, Hafner G, Tiret L, Smieja M, Cambien F, Meyer J, Lackner KJ; AtheroGene Investigators. Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity and cardiovascular events in patients
with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2003 Oct 23;349(17):1605-13. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030535. PMID: 14573732.
Part 01
Data Collection
Comprehending data types enables the collection of
process or product measurement data, allowing for the
study of insights related to the process or product.
Data Collection

Definition
Research data is information gathered to support research
conclusions. It can be organized for communication and analysis,
and exists in various digital and physical formats.
Data Collection Plan
Data Collection Plan

Difference Between Discrete and Interval

Discrete 01 02 Interval

Counted Measured
(punya satuan)
Data Collection Plan

Difference Between Continuous and Ratio

Continuous 01 02 Ratio
‰
Measured Relative
Range
(punya satuan)

Give 5 more Examples of Discrete,

Interval, Continuous, Ratio Data
contoh
• Interval: kadar obat
• Discrete: jumlah obat yang terserap
• Ratio: 25-50% obat terserap
• Continuous: 25 mg jumlah obat
contoh
• Interval: nilai asam urat
• Discrete: jumlah penderita asam urat
• Ratio: 5% orang yang terkena asam urat dibawah normal
• Continuous: rata2 asam urat 5%
Data Collection Plan
Data Collection Plan

Operational Definition

Operational definition is a comprehensive and accurate

explanation of the meaning of the traits to be measured, along
with the measurement process.

Aim
Not a conceptual identifying what will be
Eliminate ambiguity for data definition measured and methods of
measurement
collectors.
Data Collection Plan
Stratification
Stratification of data involves categorizing information
into distinct groups using specific distinguishing features,
also known as "slicing the data."

The main focus is on the output of a process, referred to

as the "Y's."

Gender
This method is used for multiple purposes, such as
Level of providing insights into root cause analysis and confirming
Disease suspected root causes.
Age
It helps in identifying when and where issues occur
frequently, offering valuable perspectives and uncovers
suspicious patterns that warrant further investigation.
 Data Collection Plan harafiah

Stratification: How to Give 1 Examples of: Conceptual

Definition, Operational Definition
and Stratification
Contoh:
Conceptual Definition:
pisang
Operational Definition:
What Who pisang cavendish
Stratification: pisang
Problems Age
cavendish merek sunway,
Classifications Gender …,….,….

When Where
Days Locations
Weeks Cities
Months

Not implementing stratification factors initially might require reiteration later, while, conversely, seeking an excessive
number of factors could complicate data collection and incur higher costs.
Contoh:
• Conceptual Definition: polusi udara
• Operational Definition: polusi udara dengan PM2.5
• Stratification: polusi udara yang terjadi di Jakarta Barat
Data Collection Plan
Timeline

Data yang ingin dicari

sebelumnya
Data Collection Plan
Who gathers information and through what methods is data collected?

Content of Data
The data content should align with the variables
being researched

Rule of Thumb
Keep the tools simple and straightforward.

Risk of Bias?
Need for Validity and Reliability Check
Data Collection Plan
Sample Size
Benefit of Population Sampling

Enhances manageability for

research of all scales.

Substantially reduces research

costs and time.

Yields more precise research

outcomes.
 Data Collection Plan
Sample Size

Formula Based on Infinite/Finite Population Known

Data sampel yang diketahui

Data yang tidak
diketahui
Cochran’s 01 02 Slovin’s
𝑍 2 𝑝𝑞
𝑛𝑜 = 2 • Z= Z-Score of n = Number of samples,

𝑒
Confidence Level N = Total population
• e = margin of error e = margin of error
• p = estimated proportion
e = 0,05 Contoh;
of the population which
Z = 1,96 N = 500
has the attribute in
question,
n = 500/1+ (500.(0,05)2)
• q = 1 – p.
n = 222

Consider also Dropout Rates

Data Collection Plan
Data Collection Plan Make one
note: For Slovin sample size,
estimated population 500

harafiah

Furterer, Sandra. (2023). AC 2007-711: INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES AND TOOLS TO TEACH SIX SIGMA TO ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS Instructional Strategies and Tools to Teach Six Sigma to Engineering Technology Undergraduate Students.
THANKS FOR WATCHING

Presentations are communication tools that can be used as demonstrations, lectures, speeches,
reports, and more. Most of the time

Benny Setiawan August 28th 2023