Introduction Of Research

What is RESEARCH? Factor - Condition

"Systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of 04 PROGNOSIS Is the factor associated with
-How factor would the recovery of the patient?
health data in order to answer a specific question or
be associated with Ex. Determining wether family
solve a particular health problem" -Sacket (1996) progress of disease support would improve quality of
- Not only knowing what is the answer not - Factors may not life of stroke patient
superficial process or may be with the Factor – Recovery from
patient na Condition
- Important level of process in order to make a
-Would condition
valuable research worsen or become
Why do we need to study RESEARCH? better
- Find solution, progress and learn new things 05 DESCRIPTIVE What is the prevalence of the
→ Patient -What is the condition?
→ Profession prevalence of the Ex. How many persons have
disease in the cancer in phil.
→ Self – self improvement population Condition
How do we make a RESEARCH?
→ Identification of a problem How do we identify the most appropriate RESEARCH
- Problem you want to address DESIGN?
→ Planning of research Classification of Study Design - Mendoza
- Problem you want Data Objective Methods
- proposed methodology, recruitment criteria • Quantitative • Descriptive • Observational
setting, tool, data gathering procedures, data • Qualitative • Analytic • Experimental
gathering plan, to address o Data
- Data gathering plan: if you need human participant
 Quantitative Research
need to be approved by technical/ ethical
committee - Aims to generate counts and measurements of
→ Implementation of research plan characteristics that are statistically valid and
- Involve the administration of the plan reliable
- Involve recruitment, assessment, provision of - Involve statistical analysis
intervention - Objective type
- After data gathering: involve data analysis of the data  Qualitative Research
→ Dissemination if research - Concerned with concepts and description of
- Share the results: ethical, methodology
things
- In a form of publication or oral presentation (poster
- Subjective type
presentation, oral presentation)
- Qualitative data written using narratives of
How do we identify a RESEARCH PROBLEM? participants
→ Types of Questions (Bragge 2010; Cross 2010) - Gather perceptions, attitudes, etc.
- Observation and interview
01 INTERVENTION Is the management effective
-Want to know in decreasing symptoms of  Quantitative Data
effectiveness of patients? - Involve numbers
interventions in Ex. Determining effectiveness of - Measured data
addressing night splint on carpal tunnel  Quantitative Variable
symptoms syndrome - Can be measured (Goniometer)
INTERVENTION - Symptoms  Discrete
02 DIAGNOSIS Is the tool valid and reliable - Reported using whole numbers
-We want to know in assessing symptoms of (No of beds)
an assessment tool patients?  Continuous
is validity and Ex. Use lf goniometer if it is a - Can be reported as fraction or
reliability valid tool for carpal tunnel decimal (Weight, temperature)
Assessment tools -  Qualitative Variable
Symptoms - Categorical variables
03 AETIOLOGY is the factor associated with - Can be counted but not measured
-Di pa the development of the (Gender)
nadedevelop yung condition?  Qualitative Data
condition, Ex. Smoking associated with lung - Narrative, experiences, attitudes and concepts
cancer - Give transcripts instead of graphs
o Objectives  Objective: Describe characteristics of 1 patient
 Descriptive Research with rare disease
- Describes a disease or any health conditions in  Method: Observe sx & symptoms of 1 patient
terms of magnitude and its epidemiologic o Case Series (Multiple patients, Collection of case reports)
distribution.  Objective: Describe characteristics of patients
- Determine how many students are sleepy with rare disease
- Descriptive questions= descriptive research  Method: Collection case reports of patients
 Analytic Research with uncommon diseases
- Determines if two things are associated or if a  Lowest number of participants in the design
cause-effect relationship exists.  Very significant in identification of new conditions
- Association of a possible cause or effect * Ex. A doctor published a rare condition of a patient. Then
- Presence or absence of a thing can worsen or better more doctors saw these symptoms to their client and
the condition published their case= became series. Discovery of aids
- Under this: intervention, prognosis and aetiology
Case Report
question
- 1 rare case 1st sighted
 Independent Variables
Case Series
- Possible cause or exposure (intervention)
- Plenty of cases
 Dependent Variables
Identification
- Possible effect (betterment or worsening)
- Only present for analytic researches - What is it about
- Has association on cause and effect
* Ex. Use of splinting with carpal tunnel
Independent variable= splinting
Dependent variable= worsening of pain
Etiology Ex. Association of fam support to quality of life
of stroke Ind: family support
Dep: quality of life
o Methods
 Observational Research
- The investigator only measures the
variables of interest
- Not involve any modification
- Magadminister lang ng assessment tool
 Experimental Research
- The investigator actively attempts to
change a disease determinant or the
progress of a disease through treatment or Descriptive Observational Studies
interventions o Cross-Sectional (Descriptive)
- Control of the variables in research study  Objective: Determine the prevalence of a
- By the introduction of new management or condition or phenomenon
intervention - Not for rare case
-  Method: Assessment of participants at one point
Case Report in time to know if they have the condition or not]
Descriptive Case Series - No administration of intervention
Ex. Describing number of people who have lung cancer in the
Case sectional
Philippines
Quantitative
Case sectional o Cross-Sectional (Analytic) - Weakest
Observational  Objective: Determine the relationship of a factor
Case-control

Analytic
with a condition
Cohort - Relationship between independent and dependent
variables
Experimental
 Method: Assessment of factor and condition of
Controlled
Trials

Descriptive Observational Studies - Aim to describe participants at one point in time

- Assessment of both variables happen at the same
o Case Reports
time
- Advantage: time saving
 - But cannot establish causation - Association of independent and dependent
- Levels based on evidence variable but is more retrospective
1. Cohort  Objective: Determine the relationship of a
2. Case control
factor with a condition
3. Cross sectional
 Method: Assessment of participants at 2 points
o Cohort
in time to determine the presence of (1) factor
- Establish association between independent and
dependent variable but is a longitudinal study
and (2) condition
- Assessment of the dependent variable then
 Objective: Determine the relationship of a factor
with a condition backtracking to see If they were exposed to
independent variable
 Method: Assessment of participants at 2 points
in time to
determine
the
presence
of (1)
factor and
(2)
condition

1st assessment of independent Followed by assessment of

dependent variable
- Variables are assessed 2 points in time
- Latency period: waiting time
Then after will follow up the participants
- Advantage: establish causation
- Disadvantage: time consuming, money and
attrition bias (participant are lost to follow up)
- Ex. Framingham heart study: routinely checkup until
now, able to find out different cause of heart condition
Interview Them
Nice to use if may epidemic as not to wait for new
patients
- Ex. John snow- cholera outbreak
Determine the cause of this outbreak, interviewed
people and backtracked. Was able to know that all
cholera patients get their water at same source
- Ex. 2020 get participants with and without lung cancer
- Ask if they were smoking
Advantage: establish cause and effect, less tasking
Disadvantage: recall bias (forget what happened),

Analytic Experimental Studies

o Case-Control - - Among all analytic studies pinkamataas yung
experimental because you can control the research
- Can give highest evidence
o Controlled Trial - Researcher sill give independent
variable to participants (done for intervention study)
 Objective: Determine if intervention causes
change in a condition
Still  Method: Provision of intervention and
assessment of participants
Controlling some variables

Controlled trial

longitudinal
Independent variables: intervention
Dependent variable : outcome (quality of life)
Sackett’s hierachy of research

Higher because they assess more data Offers more quality data
Ex, systematic review, article synopsis
Unfiltered Filtered - Primary Studies
- They gather the primary data (kinikuha from a
human participant)
- Results of an analysis of data from human data
Filtered - Secondary Studies
- If marami na yung controlled trials and
primary studies then eto ginagamit
- Collections and synthesis of the primary
studies
- Not obtained from human participants/ no
human recruitment
Psychometric Study - Answers for diagnosis questions
o Psychometric
 Objective: Determine the validity and/or
reliability of tests (Assessment tool)
 Method: Ask participants to answer test/
undergo as sessment, Ask experts to evaluate
assessment
- Ex. Asking people with and without depression to
answer a questionnaire Then the results should be
different from each other
- Ex. Asking people with and without depression to
answer a questionnaire Then the results should be
different from each other