Statistics

(Practical)

Practical 3: Hypothesis Testing and T - Test

Soil and Water Sciences Department

College of Agriculture
University of Duhok
Hajar A. Ameen
Hajar. ameen@uod.ac
 Outlines

 Hypothesis Testing
 Statistics used for Hypothesis Testing
 What is Alpha (α)
 What is P – Value

 One sample T - test

 Types of Statistics
Statistics: The branch of mathematics that transforms data into useful
information for decision makers.
25
22.26

20 18.3

Descriptive statistics 15

Turque
Collecting, summarizing, and 10

describing data. 5

0
Machine 1 Machine 2

Inferential Statistics
Drawing conclusions and/or
making decisions concerning a
population based only sample data.
 Statistical Tests

Chi – Squared = compares categorical variables

 What is Hypothesis Testing?

Hypothesis testing is the use of statistics to determine the

probability that a given hypothesis or statements of
something is true.

Or it is a claim about a population parameter.

There are two types of statistical hypotheses:

1. Null hypothesis (H0)

2. Alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha)

 Null hypothesis (H0)

 Means “no relationship” or “no difference” exist

between variable under study.
 Or currently accepted value for a parameter

 The assumption that you make about population parameter

(not the sample).

µ = µ0 or µ1 - µ2 = 0

µ0 is the hypothesized mean

 Alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha)
 State that “a relationship” or “a difference” exist between
variables under study. Opposite to null hypothesis.

 The assumption that you make about population parameter

(not the sample).

µ ≠ µ0 or µ1 - µ2 ≠ 0

H1 = µ > µ0

H1 µ < µ0
 Statistically Hypothesis Testing
 Z test compare one sample mean when standard
deviation is known and sample size n > 30.

T – testing = compare one sample means, when standard

deviation is unknown and sample size n < 30.

 T – test (paired and unpaired) = used to determine the

significance of the difference in means for two different groups
or samples

 ANOVA = compares > 2 samples means

 Correlation/regression

 Chi – Squared = compares categorical variables

 What is P – value

P – value (probability value) is the probability for a

given statistical model, when the null hypothesis is true

 It indicates how likely it is that a result occurred by

chance alone

 P – value range from 0 - 1

 What is Alpha (α)?
 Alpha (α) refer to the Level of significant

 When interpreting whether a P – value is significant

(beyond chance) or not, we need to know the level of
Alpha (α) being used for test.

 The most common levels are = 5% (0.05) and 1% (0.01)

 Alpha is decided before we are doing the analysis

 Interpreting P – Value

If Alpha (α) = 0.05, the following rules are applied

 Low p value (p < 0.05) - reject null hypothesis and accept

alternative hypothesis
- statistically significant difference

 High p value (p > 0.05) - fail to reject the null hypothesis

- no statistically significant
difference

Example: if p value = 0.13 (with α = 0.05)

Since 0.13 > 0.05, this means that the test is not significant
 Steps of Hypothesis Testing
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Randomly select a sample to test your hypothesis.
3. Specify the level of significance (α) for your analysis. (commonly
used 0.05 and 0.01).
4. Apply the appropriate statistical test find P – value and to test H0
For this note the following :
- Null hypothesis, H0
- Sample size
- Population information known (i.e. σ known or standard
deviation).
5. Make a decision regarding the null hypothesis (Reject or accept H0).
6. State the conclusion of the hypothesis test in terms of the claim.
Example 1
A company of sugar production from sugar beet say that the average
sucrose percent in its production not less than 22%. Eight measurements
of sucrose percent done in different times and found that the observations
were: yi: 20, 24, 19, 23, 18, 22, 21, 19 , test the claim of the company using
5% level of probability ?

Step one: state the hypothesis

H0= μ ≥ 22
H1 = μ < 22 (Claim)

Step Two: the level of significance (α) α = 0.05

Step Three: Apply the appropriate statistical test

 Here we will use t test because we have one mean, the sample
size (n) < 30 and σ (standard deviation) is unknown
1.Select STAT > BASIC STATISTICS > One sample t
2. In 1- sample t box, select C1 (sucrose percent )
3- Activate perform hypothesis test, then in hypothesized mean write hypothesis
or claim mean (22).
4-Click options, in this box confidence level is 95%, and Alternative is less than.
5- Click OK, and then OK again.
Look in the Session window. You should see the following display:

If you look up in the table you will see that the P – value = 0.070
which is more than 0.05 (α).

Step four: Make a decision regarding the null hypothesis

Since P – value = 0.07 which is more the 0.05 we fail to
reject null hypothesis (H0 is accepted)

Step five: conclusion

The is not enough evidence to support the claim that sucrose
percent in the production of the company is less than 22%.
Homework
A bottled water manufacturer states on the product label that each bottle
contain 250mL of water. You work for a government agency that protects
consumers by testing product volume. A sample of 50 bottle is tested and
the data are given in table 1. Is there anything we can assume to be true?
Or is there sufficient evidence at the 5% level of significance to support the
claim that the volume of bottle is not equal to 250mL.

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