Overview of the Research

Process
 Research
• Research is a quest for an answer to a
question.
• Knowing the answer to a question requires a
scientific method and not merely asking from
various persons or merely observing several
situations that may out-rightly provide
haphazard answers to posed questions.
 Research
• Systematic process of collecting and analyzing
information in order to increase our
understanding of the phenomenon about
which we are concerned or interested.
• Is a careful, systematic study and investigation
in some fields of knowledge undertaken to
discover or establish facts or principles.
 The scientific method of doing a research
may be briefly stated in these steps:
• Step 1. Identify the problem
A research originates from a problem, an
unanswered question or an unsolved problem.
An inquisitive person sparks the conduct of
knowing why things go wrong or unusual that
in some ways those may affect human life.
Steps: (Cont’n)
• Step 2. Limit the problem
The problem may be very broad. Try to focus,
know the scope, established boundaries, set
the breadth or make a demarcation line so
that you will know what are included and
what are excluded. This will ultimately make
your study manageable or specific.
Steps: (Cont’n)
• Step 3. Formulate Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a brilliant conjecture or a
tentative solution to a problem. It is testable
statement of a resolution to a verifiable
question. Some studies use the term
assumption to mean the expected outcome of
an investigation or inquiry.
Steps: (Cont’n)
• Step 4. Collect Data
Implausible statements shall be supported by
factual, unbias, truthful, and convincing
evidences gathered through the execution of a
carefully devised plan. The preponderance of
needed information will make a genuine
research.
Steps: (Cont’n)
• Step 5. Interpret Data and Make a Conclusion
Extract meanings from tabulated, collated,
sifted or organized data. Data will be
meaningless if you will not deduce meanings
or generalizations from them. Statistical tools
may aid you in measuring the significance of
one factor to another. The researcher may
evaluate, accept, reject, decide or conclude
based on the data gathered.
 Types of Research

practical
pure
Applie
basic d
Knowledge sake Solve problem
 Pure versus Applied Research
• Pure or basic research is a study oriented
towards the development of a theory. It aims to
provide knowledge or understanding.
• Applied research is an investigation that
enriches a solution to a practical problem. It
seeks to improve human condition by providing
knowledge that can be used for practical
application.
 Qualitative versus Quantitative Research
• Qualitative Research is undertaken to answer
questions about the plethora of phenomena
primarily aimed at giving attributes and
understanding of nature based on the observer’s
view point. It also inquires on context and meaning,
embarks on content analysis observation.
• Quantitative Research is conducted to find
answers to questions about relationships among
measurable variables with purpose of explaining,
controlling, and predicting phenomena. It is
knowing the outcome stated in numerical data.
 COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCHES
FEATURE QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Purpose · To explain and predict · To describe and explain

· To confirm and validate · To explore and interpret
· To test theory · To build theory
 COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCHES
FEATURE QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Process · Focused · Holistic

· Known variables · Unknown variables
· Established · Flexible guidelines
guidelines
· Emergent design
· Static design
· Context-bound
· Context-free
· Personal view
· Detached view
 COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCHES
FEATURE QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Data Collection · Representative · Informative, small

sample
· Large sample
· Observations,
· Standardized
interviews
instruments
 COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCHES
FEATURE QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Data Analysis · Deductive analysis · Inductive analysis

 COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCHES
FEATURE QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Report of findings · Numbers · Words

· Statistics, · Narratives
aggregated data
· Individual quotes
· Formal voice,
· Personal voice
scientific style.
· Library style.
Research Problem

a situation which
calls for immediate
action, perceived
difficulty
 Researchable Problem
a. Factor-
isolating
-problems that will Example: what is
the extent of
describe and
knowledge of
name factors student teachers
regarding lesson
planning?
 example : What is
the relationship
between victims
b. factor-relating of incest and to
their role as
parents?
- determines
relationship between
two or more variables
 Example:
c. situation -
Effectiveness
relating of
music in revi
ew
-yields se ssi o n s.
hypothesis,
testing or
experimental
study design
 d. situation- E xa m p l e : H o w
producing can review
cl a s s e s b e
-establish goals co n d u c te d to
for action pr o d u c e h i g h
b o a rd p a s s e r
ratings?
LEVELS OF INQUIRY
Type 1 question -includes questions
where there is
little knowledge
Example: What - 1 variable
is/are?
- tackles extent,
degree
 example:
“What are the
teaching
methods used by
BPED teachers to
increase interest
of learners?”
Type 2 question
Example: what is
the relationship
- determines
between pre-test the relationship
and post-test between two or
results of student
teachers?
more variables.
Type 3 question
- tackles
variables
Example: why does with
lifestyle modification
assumed
programs decrease the
weight of overweight relationships
women? - (involving
cause and
effect)
 CRITERIA IN EVALUATING A
RESEARCH PROBLEM:

1. SIGNIFICANCE contributes to
knowledge

2. feasibility accessibility and

availability

3. researchability Variables defined,

observable,
investigation needed
 Sources of
problems:
REVIEW OF ISSUES AND
EXPERIENCE RELATED
CONCERNS
LIT

REPLICATION INTELLECTUAL
STUDIES CURIOSITY