1ST QT RESEARCH REVIEWER

WEAKNESSNESS
LESSON 1: Introduction to Quantitative
Research
DEFINING RESEARCH
Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing,
and interpreting information in order to increase our
understanding of a phenomenon about which we are
interested or concerned (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013).
❑ It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or
concept in depth.
❑ It does not provide comprehensive explanation of
human experiences.
❑ Some information cannot be described by numerical
data such as feelings, and beliefs.
❑ The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
❑ The participants are limited to choose only from the
given responses.
❑ The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate
responses.
❑ A large sample size makes data collection more costly.

KINDS
1. Descriptive design
2. Correlational design
3. Quasi-experimental design
4. Experimental design

Descriptive Research Design

▷ is used to describe a particular phenomenon by
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
observing it as it occurs in nature.
 Quantitative research is an objective, systematic ▷ No experimental manipulation
empirical investigation of observable phenomena ▷ Does not start with a hypothesis
through the use of computational techniques. ▷ Goal: To describe the person or object of the study
 is concerned with numbers and its relationship ▷ Example: “The determination of the different kinds of
with events. physical activities and how often high school students do it
during quarantine period.”
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Objective Correlational Research Design
2. Clearly Defined Research Questions ▷ Identifies the relationship between variables
3. Structured Research Instruments ▷ Goal: To distinguish tendencies and patterns of data, but
4. Numerical Data it does not prove cause and effect relationships.
5. Large Sample Size ▷ Data are identified only in a natural setting and not in a
6. Replication manipulated one.
7. Future Outcomes ▷ Example: The relationship between the amount of
physical activity done and student academic achievement.
STRENGTHS
✔ Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.
Quasi-Experimental Research Design
▷ Causal-comparative research design
✔ Findings are generalizable to the population.
▷ Used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of
✔ Conclusive establishment of cause and effect
variables
✔ Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict ▷ Has lesser validity due to the absence of random
outcomes selection and assignment of subjects
✔ Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software. ▷ The IV is identified, but not manipulated
✔ Fast and easy data gathering ▷ Example: The effects of unemployment on attitude
✔ Very objective towards following safety protocol in ECQ declared areas.
✔ Validity and reliability can be established
Experimental Research Design
▷ Applies the scientific method to prove the cause-and-
effect relationships between or among variables
▷ Used random assignment of subjects and experimental
manipulations
▷ Example: A comparison of the effects of various blended
learning to the reading comprehension of elementary
pupils.

LESSON 2: Quantitative Research Across

Field
Quantitative Research
 Formal, deductive, systematic
 Obtaining & analyzing numerical data
 Very credible and useful
 Statistical & generalizable
 Objective & replicable
▷ It is for these reasons that quantitative analysis can be
applied and very useful to various fields of the study
Why do people do research?
 People indulge in research to know more, to solve
problems, or to improve existing conditions.
 Younger individuals indulge in research projects
not only because they are required to but also
because they came to realize the value and
benefits research has to offer.
Value of Research across Field
 Discover the unknown and improve underlying
conditions
 Can influence leaders and law-makers’
decisions
 Helps determine and better understand
relationships between variables or
phenomenon
 Most inventions and innovations are products
of quantitative studies.
Everything which is new has to come out of
fundamental research otherwise, it’s not new. -
Manfred Eigen
LESSON 3: Variables in Quantitative
Research
Quantitative research is concerned about numerical or
measurable values that we can analyzed statistically.
- How do we measure those values?
- Is it measurable at all times?
- Are these values applicable for descriptive,
correlational, quasi-experimental and experimental
research?
Construct & Variable
 A CONSTRUCT is an attribute or characteristic
expressed in an abstract, GENRAL WAY.
Example: student achievement
 A VARIABLE is a characteristic or attribute of an
individual or an organization that (a) can be
measured or observed by the researcher and
that (b) varies among individuals or
organizations studied. Example: grade point
average (GPA)
Classification of Variables in terms of roles in research
Independent variable (IV)
Dependent variable (DV)
Extraneous variable
Confounding variable

LESSON 4-5: Identifying Problem for

Research Inquiry
1. DESIGNING A RESEARCH TOPIC
 You will expand your understanding of the
characteristics and different applications of
quantitative research and be able to design a study
useful in daily life.
What You Need to Know
The first and foremost step in research is selecting and
properly defining a research problem.
 What it is that you want to find out
 Where and how you are going to find answers to
your questions
 What specific qualities are you looking for

A well-defined research topic is essential for successful

research
Developing a research topic can be done in four
steps:
1. Choose a broad topic
Interesting topic
 Research is a very challenging task that demands
your time and persistence.
 your research topic must be something that you
are passionate about
Significant topic
  A topic that is worth researching must be able to
answer or solve problems in the community.
Relevant topic to your field
 Choosing a topic that you can relate will certainly
make your research project less challenging.
Other sources of Ideas/Topics
 Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
Harmonized National R & D Agenda for 2017-2022.
https://bit.ly/3hHTf2Y
 Review of literature
 Field experts – someone that you know that can help you
conceptualizing relevant topic
 Brainstorming – Do not underestimate the ideas of your
group mates, friends, and family members
2. Do a preliminary review
● Much more time consuming
● Once you have chosen a broad topic, you need to have a
better understanding of it by reading some more articles,
journals, and related research studies.
● Look into:
○ Data collection procedure
○ Instrument used
○ Data analysis
○ Results & Recommendations
● Take note of every relevant research study for future
reference.
3. Define the problem
● After getting enough information, you may be able to list
some questions or problems that you want to research.
● Narrow down broad topic into feasible and manageable
research questions
○ Limit the population, place, period or certain
characteristics
● But be very mindful that your problem may not be too
narrow
○ Doing a comparative study
○ Expanding the scope of the study
4. Refine the question
● Evaluate the questions formulated
○ What specific questions should you ask?
○ How should you gather your data sufficient to
answer the questions?
○ Are the questions too narrow, or does it need to
be trimmed down?
2. RESEARCH TITLE
- How to make a good title for quantitative research?
- a suitable and captivating title for the research study
It is important that you make your research title accurate
yet captivating.
Once it captures the attention of the readers, they will be
enticed to read the entire work and learn something from
your research.
Research Title
● is a concise description of the content of the research
study containing the fewest possible words, yet adequate
to describe the contents of the paper for a simple reason
that we do not want to mislead the readers.
Basic Guidelines: Research Title
1. Use an accurate description of the subject and scope of
the study instead of using general terms
2. Do not use abbreviations except for commonly known
ones like DNA and ICT
3. Do not include words like “The study of,” “analysis of,”
“an investigation of” or similar construction as these would
only lengthen the title.
4. Include the main dependent and independent variables
5. Be mindful of the proper use of grammar and
punctuation
6. Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
as well as the first letter of the first and last words.
7. State in a declarative form, although you may also see
titles in question form from time to time.
8. The year the study has been conducted should not be
indicated unless it is a historical study.
9. Depending on the institutional requirements, 5 -12
words are sufficient to describe the research study
10. Use the common name instead of chemical formula
(e.g., NH4)
11. Write and italicize the full scientific names.
12. Must reflect the tone of the paper. An academic
research paper has title which is not casual, or informal, or
does not contain humor.
Steps in Writing Research Title
● Determine what it is that you wish to accomplish or
know from your study. Write one to two sentences to state
the main objectives of your research.
● Include important keywords and variables.
● Shorten the title by eliminating unnecessary words.
Make sure that the main thought of the research study is
retained.
● Correct grammar and punctuation errors if there is any.
● Observe proper formatting.
LESSON 7: Identifying the Inquiry & Stating
the Problem
Nature of Quantitative Research Problem
• dealt more with the precision and specificity of the
problem
• describes trends and patterns of a phenomenon
• This can be found as Statement of the Problem, where it
formally introduces the problem that you want to
investigate or address.
• Then you will start specifying what you want to answer in
your study.

Characteristics of a Good Research Question

1. FEASIBLE
 Is the research problem possible? This study aims to determine the relationship between the
 Will it not spend unreasonable amount? types learning delivery mode and students’ learning styles.
Consider these examples: Furthermore, it seeks to answer the following research
 “How do parents feel about the blended learning questions:
modality for elementary learners?” (1) What are the different learning delivery modes of the
 “How would giving each learner their own laptop school?
to be used in this blended learning modality affect (2) What the various learning styles of the students?
their performance tasks?” (3) Is there a significant relationship between the different
2. CLEAR learning delivery modes of the school and the learning
 The clarity of how the questions stated lead to styles of its students?
agreement of meaning of the readers of your
study.
 Since your research questions are also considered
as the main focus in the gathering and analyzing
the data, it is therefore very important that these
are stated clearly.
3. SIGNIFICANT
 Will answering these questions provide an
additional contribution to address the given
research problem?
 Are the research questions really worth
investigating?
 Consider the value of what you are trying to
investigate. You should also provide a sound
justification of your choice as a researcher.
4. ETHICAL
 Always consider the welfare of people, animals or
who so ever involve in your study.
 Look into ways of answering the research
questions without inflicting physical and
psychological harm to persons involved.
FORMULATING RESEARCH QUESTION
Characteristics of a Successful Researcher
1. Focus
2. Collaborative/ communicate
3. Search for knowledge & information (being
inquisitive)
4. Enthusiastic & persevering
LESSON 8: RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
❑ is a tentative statement about the relationship between
two or more variables
❑ a specific and testable prediction on what you expect to
happen with the variables in your study
❑ also described as an “educated guess” of what possibly
the result would be of your research
❑ proposes a possible relationship between variables
2 TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
Guidelines in Stating HYPOTHESIS
1. The independent variable and dependent variable must
be included in the hypothesis.
2. The relationship of variables must be reflected in the
hypothesis.
3. Hypothesis should be simple and specific as possible. If it
is vague and complicated, it would be difficult to find the
answer to your question.
4. Hypothesis should be concise and comprises clear and
simple language.
5. Hypothesis should be testable without violating ethical
standards. This could be investigated and measured
through a scientific method such as statistical analysis and
data interpretation.
6. Hypothesis must be falsifiable.
➢ Your hypothesis can be proven wrong through
experiments or empirical data.
➢ There are no absolute answers to research questions,
but there is a possibility of validating the hypotheses to be
true beyond a reasonable doubt.

LESSON 9: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 The review of literature is the process of compiling,
classifying, and evaluating what other researchers
have written on a certain topic.
 It can be a partial component of a research
undertaking, but it can also stand alone as a self-
contained review of writing on a subject.
 This is a written summary of journal articles, books,
and other documents that describes the past and
current state of information on the topic of your
research study.
Functions of Literature Review
1. Justifies a research question, method, or
theoretical and conceptual framework
2. Establishes the relevance of the topic
3. Provides necessary information to better
understand a specific topic or study
Steps in Conducting a Review of Literature
1. Identify key terms
 Use the variables in your study
 That is why it is important that you correctly
identified the variables in your study
2. Locate Literature
 Having identified key terms, you can now begin the
search for relevant literature.
 Use academic libraries
 Philippine E-Journals
 Use both primary and secondary sources
- Primary source literature consists of literature
reported by the individual(s) who actually
conducted the research or who originated the
ideas.
- Secondary source literature, however, is
literature that summarizes primary sources.
 Search Different Types of Literature
3. Organize the Literature
 This process involves filing the literature.
 Quickly read it, take notes on it, and determine
how it fits into the overall literature.
 Construct a visual picture of the literature—a
literature map—that helps to organize it, positions
your study within the literature, and provides a
framework for presenting research to audiences
about your topic.
NOTE-TAKING You must record the
following:
 Complete details about the work
 Background of the study (for journal articles)
 Methodology used in the study
 Results and conclusion
 Recommendations given by the author (limitations,
weaknesses)

DETAILS ABOUT THE WORK

TITLE
AUTHOR
PUBLISHER
YEAR
BACKGROUND
METHODS
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS

4. Write the Literature

 Writing the review needs organizing and good
writing skills.
 It is not simply a list of research reports with the
summary of research findings.
LESSON 10: RESAERCH FRAMEWORK
 illustrates the structure or blueprint of the
research plan
 consists of the key concepts and assumed
relationships of the research project
 can be presented using visual (diagrams, chart,
etc.) and narrative (paragraph stating the concepts
and relationships of the study) forms

TYPES OF RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 is commonly used for studies that anchor on time
tested theories that relate the findings of the
investigation to the underpinning relevant theory
of knowledge
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 refers to the actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative
theories that specifically support the study
 Mention the dependent variables and its indicators
and categories;
 Point out the intervening variables that can explain
variables that can explain variances in the
independent and dependent variables; and
 Show the direction of the study.

COMMON EXAMPLE OF CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK

WRITING THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

 Specify the theory used as basis for the study;
 Mention the proponents of the study;
 Cite the main points emphasized in the theory
 Support the exposition of the theory by ideas from
the other experts;
 Illustrate the theoretical framework by means of a
diagram or paradigms.

WRITING THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

 Cite the conceptual model or paradigm;
 Identify the independent variables;
LESSON 11: SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
SCOPE
 specifies the coverage of your study such as
variables, population or participant, and timeline.

DELIMITATION
 cites factors of your study that are not included or
excluded or those you will not deal in your study.

COMPONENTS OF SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

 Topic of the study
 Objectives/Problems to be Addressed
 Time Frame
 Locale of the Study
 Characteristics of the Respondents
 Method and Research Instruments

SAMPLE OF SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The main objective of this study is to provide information
about students’ knowledge and perception of genetically
modified foods and their family health practices. The study
also includes the student’ s personal information and
occupation of their parents and siblings. This study is
limited to the 120 Grade 12 Male and Female enrolled in
the First Semester, School Year 2019-2020 of Gusa
Regional Science High School – X. Each of the respondent is
given questionnaire to answer. The students selected came
from six different sections to prevent subjective
perceptions.
LESSON 12: DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Not common or widely known
 if the term has a specific or unique meaning in the
context of the study
 Defines the concepts and terminologies that can
be misunderstood and misinterpreted by the
readers because it is outside their field of study
 All key terms or concepts of the investigation
should be defined.
 The variables (terms and concepts) could be found
in the title and the statement of the problem.
TWO WAYS OF DEFINING THE TERMS
 Conceptual definition
 Operational definition
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
 Conceptualization is “the process through which
we specify what we mean when we use particular
terms / concepts in research”.
 Conceptual definition ○ is the meaning of the term
that is based on how it is defined in the dictionary
or encyclopedia.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
 Operationalization is the “process through which
we specify what we will observe that will indicate
the value of cases on a variable”.
 Operational definition ○ is the meaning of the term
based on how it was used in the study.
 That is moving our understanding of a concept
from its abstract form to its concrete (observable
& measurable) form
 The terms should be arranged alphabetically.
 Indention should be applied to each term.
 The term should be followed with a period.
 It can either be underlined or bold or not
 It does not have to be lengthy (direct to the point).
 Acronym/initials should be defined clearly.
Complete name should be written first, followed
by the acronym/initials in open close parenthesis,
then the definition/meaning.
 Do not overflow with technical terms (only those
relevant and significant to the study).
 Keep the definition brief and basic. You will
elaborate on it more in the body of your paper.
EXAMPLE
 Face to face. It is when the people involved are
being close together and looking directly at each
other. In this study, it refers to one of the
modalities used in learning delivery in which the
teacher and students should be in the same place
or setting, such as the classroom.
 Student. A person who is enrolled or attends
classes at school, college, or university. In this
study, it refers to a person who is enrolled and
attends a Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy of the
University of Sto. Tomas.

SIGNIFICANCE OF DoT
 a useful place to include technical terms in the
topic of the research questions.
 can clarify the definition of term, especially if it has
a different meaning.
 makes it easier to revisit or check the meaning of a
term instead of trying to locate it through the
paper
 helps to ensure that the reader can understand the
technical terminologies and jargons while reading
the paper

GUIDELINES IN WRITING DoT

 Write a brief introductory statement.
 List/write the words/terms (which are technical)
that would be included (make sure that the
variables and key terms found in the title are
included).