Practical Research 2 (PR2)

Qualitative Quantitative

it uses descriptions and observation Statistics

data can be observed but not Data can be measured accurately and
measured precisely

subjective objective

research questions hypothesis

educated guess
experimentation

data collection method is either semi- data collection structure

structured or unstructured

the sample population is big

the sample population is small

specific and detailed

asking question is general
manner/research
flaws multiple choices

asking open ended question

kinds of Quantitative Research
1. Descriptive Design
- Is a research design to aim to obtain information systematically and
describe a phenomenal
- Describe person and object
- What, when where and how
Example
 The determination of diff. physical activities and how often
high-school students during pandemic
 Factors affecting the academic performance of senior high-
school student
Factors:
1. Attendance
2. Family problem
3. Social media
4. Financial support
2. Correlational Design
- Types of research design that aims describe the relationship between 2
variables without controlling or manipulating any of them
- Attempts to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more
variable using statistical data.
3 types of Correlational:

 Positive correlational – increase increase

 Negative correlational – increase decrease
 Zero correlational – both variables have no connection
Example:
1. Occupation and life span
2. Age and leader ship
3. Food and academic performance
4. Online games and GWA
Expost Facto Design
- Cause and effect
- Investigate starts with after the fact has occurred
- Researcher tries to find out the cause behind its occurrence by
doing backwards to history
- Manipulation is possible
Limitations:
1. Independent variable cannot be manipulated
2. Cannot randomly assign the subject to diff. groups
3. Looking scientific study
Example:
 The effects of earthquakes to the residence of porok
2
 The cause of declining customer in canteen
Quasi-Experimental Design
- It involves the manipulation of data or variable to observe the
effect on dependent variable
- Generally used to establish the effect independent variables to
dependent variables in situations where researcher is able to
assign the subject groups of for variable reasons.
Example:
 Effects on the academic performance of the students on
diff. teaching strategies
Sampling
- Techniques in gathering data by selection
Sampling Technique

PROBABILITY NON-PROBABILTY
Simple random Purposive
Stratified Snowball
Cluster Convenience
Systematic

biased
unbiased

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantage Disadvantages
Sampling save time Chance biased answer
Sampling avoid repetition of Selection of good sample is
query for each and every difficult
individual
Variables
- Refers to changing qualities of characteristic of
person of things like age, intelligence,
achievement, etc.
- It is from the root word vary w/c means to diffen
from.
Example:
 A painter measures a room before
dividing how much paint to buy.

Dependent Variable Independent Variable

A B

Cause Effect
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

C
Independent variable – are those that are suspected of being the cause
in a casual relationship.
Dependent variable – are those that are influence by the independent
variable. They are usually the outcomes.
Extraneous variable – can be age gender as personality trait that may
suddenly surface to create effect

Numeric Variable
- is a quantitiable characteric variables are number

Categorical continuous Discrete

-it can assume an infinite number -numeric variable that have
of real variable countable no. volume
Example: Example:
: length, height, weight : no. of student, ticket sale

Categorical Variables – are that have 2 or more but is no intrinsic order

to the categories
 binary – can take 1 or 2 values
 nominal – can take 2 or more
 ordinal – follows a designated level classification of thing
Polychotomous – 2 or more categories but underdone group
Dichotomous – only takes 2 variables