ACLC College of Tacloban
M.H. Del Pilar St., Tacloban City
Senior High School Department
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Inquiry - synonymous with “investigation”. When
a person inquires or investigates, s/he tends to ask
questions to probe or examine something.
(Learning Process)
Research – a process of using higher-order
thinking skills aimed at evaluating information
and reaching new conclusions.
Research – from the French word “cerhier”
meaning to seek.
- it is to repeat looking for something, finding
truth again about ideas/problems from different
perspectives.
Research Process:
o identifying the topic or problem
o gathering data
o formulating theories/hypotheses
o gathering & analyzing data
o drawing conclusions & recommendations
o sharing your findings
Qualitative – deals with non-numerical data,
which means that the research uses words rather
than numbers to express the findings.
o Results from social interaction
o Explained by people’s objective desires
o Make social intentions understandable
o Preserves natural setting of research
o Subjective; sometimes personally engaged
o Verbal language
o Thematic, codal ways, competence-based
o Multiple methods
o Proceeds gradually
o Personal, lacks formality
o Inclined to purposive sampling
Quantitative – involves measurement of data,
which presents research findings in frequencies
and other numerical forms.
o Exists in the physical world
o Revealed by automatic conditions
o Evaluate causal relationships
o Manipulation of research conditions
o Objective; least involvement of researchers
o Numerals & Statistics
o Mathematically-based methods
o Scientific Method
o Planning before data-collection
o Impersonal, scientific or systematic
o Random sampling is preferred
Quantitative Research highlights the numerical
analysis of data to yield unbiased results that can
be generalized to some larger population and
explain a particular observation.
It is scientific, and empirical and data analysis will
be through the use of statistics.
Characteristics:
o Reliable
o Valid
o Replicable
o Controlled
o Structured
o Convenient
o Generalizable
o Predictable
o Clear & Concise
Advantages:
o Very objective, cannot be easily
misinterpreted.
o There is a conclusive establishment of
cause and effect.
o Validity and reliability can be established
o Numerical and quantifiable data can be
used to predict outcomes. Convenient for
a huge amount of data.
o Findings are generalizable to the
population.
o Fast and easy data gathering & analysis
using statistical software.
o Quantitative research can be replicated or
repeated.
Disadvantage:
o It lacks the necessary data to explore a
problem or concept in depth. The context
will not be provided.
o Some information cannot be described by
numerical data such as feelings, and
beliefs.
o It does not provide a comprehensive
explanation of human experiences.
o The research design is rigid and not very
flexible. Some data may not easily be
gathered.
o The participants are limited to choosing
only from the given responses, which may
lead to inaccurate responses.
o A large sample size makes data collection
more costly.
Kinds of Research:
Experimental - It is a collection of research
designs that use manipulation and controlled
testing to understand causal processes.
Nonexperimental - It is a collection of research
designs that lacks manipulation and controlled
testing to understand causal processes.
o Descriptive - aims to describe the
population/phenomenon.
o Survey - aims at knowing what a big
number of people think and feel.
o Evaluation - aims to assess the topic.
 ACLC College of Tacloban
M.H. Del Pilar St., Tacloban City
Senior High School Department
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
o Correlational - nature of relationships, or
associations between and among
variables.
o Causal-Comparative – causal relationship
between and among variables.
Variable – changing qualities or characteristics
that are measurable, and may assume varied
values.
1. Quantitative – can be counted, real
amounts.
a. Discrete – finite count.
b. Continuous – non-finite count.
2. Categorical – grouped or categorized.
a. Binary – two categories.
b. Nominal – multiple groups.
c. Ordinal – groups or ranked.
3. Independent – cause, manipulated.
4. Dependent – Effect, outcome.
5. Control – constant.
6. Confounding – uncontrolled.
7. Latent – cannot be directly measured.
8. Composite – complex/combined.
[Note: Independent & Dependent is only for
causal relationships. Predictor and Outcome
Variable is used otherwise.]
Four Levels of Measurement:
1. Nominal – labeled.
2. Ordinal – ranked.
3. Interval – scaled, equal distance.
4. Ratio – has true/meaningful zero.
Research Problem – issue or concern where there
is a gap in the knowledge base.
Research Question – a statement made in
question form, seeking to examine the research
problem.
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1. Background of the Study
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Objectives of the Study
4. Scope and Limitation (Delimitation)
5. Significance of the Study
6. Theoretical Framework
7. Conceptual Framework
8. Paradigm
9. Hypothesis/Null Hypothesis
10. Definition of Terms
A. Background of the Study
- The part that includes information that would
focus on the importance and validity of the
problem.
- It is the general orientation to the problem area.
- A brief rationale to justify the problem must be
provided.
- This is the present state of knowledge regarding
the problem.
o Concepts and ideas related to the problem
including clarification of important
terminologies
o Discussion of the problem in general and
the specific situations observed and
experienced by the researcher (macro to
micro approach)
o Discussion of the existing or present
conditions and what is aimed to be in the
future or the gap to be filled in by the
researcher
B. Statement of the Problem
The basic difficulty, the issue, the area of concern,
the circumstances which exist, then how they
ought to be. (Research Questions)
o The answers to the research questions
should lead to solving the research
problem.
o Focus on a clear goal or objective.
o State the precise goal.
o The problem should be limited enough in
making a definite conclusion possible.
2 Types of Research Questions:
1. Descriptive Questions - The most basic
type of question that seeks to provide
basic information about the topic. It uses
data and statistics to describe an event or
phenomenon.
2. Inferential Questions - The questions
focused on identifying relationships or
connections between the study’s variables.
This type of question always comes with a
research hypothesis.
C. Objectives of the Study
- The goals/aims of the research. This part has the
same contents as the Statement of the problem;
however, they are expressed in statement form.
SOP OBJECTIVES
What is the profile of the Draw out the profile of
respondents? the respondents.
What are the effects of Determine the effects of
online gaming on the online gaming on the
academic performance academic performance
of students? of students.
D. Significance of the Study
- The part presenting who will benefit from the
findings of the study. It describes how the
problem will be solved and specifically, pinpoints
who will benefit from the findings and results.
E. Scope & Limitation/Delimitation
- This part deals with the coverage, weaknesses,
and restrictions of the study.
 ACLC College of Tacloban
M.H. Del Pilar St., Tacloban City
Senior High School Department
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Basic Questions: I. Hypothesis

o WHAT – Topic of investigation and
variables included
o WHERE – Venue or setting of the research.
o WHEN – The time frame by which the
study was conducted
o WHY – General objectives of the research
o WHO – Subject of the study, population,
and sampling
o HOW – Methodology of the Research:
design and instrument
F. Theoretical Framework
- This part gives and explains the theories,
principles, and generalizations, which have some
connection to the research study. It makes people
understand evidence-based truths, concepts,
speculations, and assumptions underlying each
aspect of the research.
- The theory should support the knowledge base
of the phenomenon being studied/researched.
This should give knowledge of the occurrence of
the phenomenon.
G. Conceptual Framework
- The Conceptual Framework is the researcher’s
idea of how the research problem will have to be
explored. This is founded on the theoretical
framework which lies on a much broader scale of
resolution.
- The conceptual framework, on the other hand,
embodies a specific direction by which the
research will have to be undertaken. It may show
the flow of the study or the relationship of
variables.
- An educated guess/answer to the research
question.
- A supposition or proposed explanation made on
the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for
further investigation.
- a tentative theory or testable statement about
the relationship between two or more variables i.e
independent and dependent variables.
Null Hypothesis
- The negatively stated hypothesis denoted by the
symbol 𝑯𝟎
- The null hypothesis represents the hypothesis
that there is “no relationship” between two
variables.
Alternative Hypothesis
- The positively stated research hypothesis
denoted by the symbol 𝑯𝟏 or 𝑯𝑨
- The alternate hypothesis is the opposite of the
null hypothesis where one can find some
statistical importance or relationship between
two variables.
J. Definition of Terms
- Key terms are defined, arranged alphabetically.
Conceptual Definition – dictionary.
Operational Definition – how it is used in the
study.
~ Nothing follows ~

H. Paradigm
- Graphic organizer presenting the Conceptual
Framework. Schematic diagram, visual
representation of the CF.

IV-DV Framework

I-P-O Framework