Department of Education

Region III
DIVISION OF MABALACAT CITY

Name: __________________________________ Grade & Strand: ________________

School: ____________________________________________ Date: ________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

ABM 12 (Q1- LESSON 1 & 2)

Practical Research 2: Introduction to Quantitative Research

I. Introduction
Hello future researcher! Today mark the start of your journey to become
a quantitative student researcher. Do not be afraid with our subject research
because what we use and eat every day is based on research. What you are
reading is also researched based. Research is everywhere and research is
everything.

This Learning Activity Sheets will help you know the basics of
quantitative research. Enjoy learning!

II. Learning Competency

This Learning Activity Sheets were designed and written with you in
mind. LAS help you describe the characteristics, strength and weaknesses,
kinds of quantitative research and explore the importance of quantitative
research across fields (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1&2).

III. Objectives

After going through this Learning Activity Sheets, you are expected to:

1. Define quantitative research ;

2. Identify the characteristics of quantitative research;
3. Familiarize the strength and weaknesses of quantitative research;
4. Categorize the kinds of quantitative research; and
5. Recognize the importance of quantitative research across fields.
IV. Discussion

What is Quantitative Research?

Quantitative work deals with the quantification and interpretation of

variables such that outcomes can be produced. It includes computational
data use and analysis using different statistical methods to address questions
such as who, how much, when, where, where, how many and how. It also
defines the methods used to explain a problem or phenomenon by collecting
data in numerical form (Apuke, 2017).

According to Spalding University Library (2020), your purpose in

conducting quantitative research studies is to evaluate the relationship
between one factor [an independent variable] and another within a population
[a dependent or outcome variable]. Quantitative research focuses on
numerical and unchanging data, and detailed, convergent (focused) reasoning
rather than divergent reasoning (generating a variety of ideas on a research
issue in.

Elements of Quantitative Research (Guido, 2016)

• Gathering numerical data objectively

• Results lend themselves to statistical analyses
• Evaluation of results confirm or refute (disprove) the original hypothesis
• Tests and experiments under controlled conditions
• Cause and effect relationships

Characteristics of a Quantitative Research

(Spalding University Library, 2020)

• The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.

• The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of
the population.
• The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high
reliability.
• Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective
answers are sought.
• All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected.
• Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables,
charts, figures, or other non-textual forms.
• Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future
results, or investigate causal relationships.

2
 • Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer software, to
collect numerical data.
Strength and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
Strength
(Hulme,
• Results from sample surveys can
be generalized for entire
population.
• Results can be aggregated and
are comparable across population
groups.
• Results can be broken down by
socio-economic group for
comparisons.
• Reliability of data and findings
provides powerful indicators to
guide policy.
• Replicability – publication of
questionnaires and dataset
permits scrutiny of findings.
• Transferability of dataset to other
analysts means that analysis is
not dependent on availability of
an individual.
• Precise professional or
disciplinary minimum standards
exist for much survey work.
(Better Thesis, 2020)
• Findings can be generalized
if selection process is well-
designed and sample is
representative of study
population
• Relatively easy to analyze
• Data can be very consistent,
precise and reliable
3
Weaknesses
2007)
• Sacrifices potentially useful
information through process of
aggregation.
• Sacrifices potentially useful data
by placing household or events
in discrete categories.
• Neglects intra-household
processes and outcomes.
• Commonly under-reports on
difficult issues, e.g. domestic
violence.
• Commonly under-reports on
marginal/difficult to access
individuals and households.
• Often wasteful in that large
amounts of the dataset are
never used.
• Related secondary data is
sometimes not available or
accessing available data is
difficult/impossible
• Difficult to understand context
of a phenomenon
• Data may not be robust enough
to explain complex issues
 What are the kinds of quantitative approaches to research?

There are four main types of Quantitative research: Descriptive,

Correlational, Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental, and Experimental
Research.

Descriptive research

This seeks to identify a variable known as the current state. Such

research projects are designed to provide systematic phenomenon knowledge.
Typically, the researcher does not start with a hypothesis, but will possibly
establish one after data collection.

Examples of Descriptive Research:

• A description of how second-grade students spend their time during
summer vacation
• A description of the tobacco use habits of teenagers
• A description of how parents feel about the twelvemonth school year
• A description of the extent to which elementary teachers use math
manipulatives

Correlational research

Using statistical data seeks to assess the magnitude of a relationship

between two or more variables. In this style of design, the relationships are
sought and interpreted between and within a number of details. This form of
study can identify trends and patterns in data, but in its review, it does not
go too far to establish explanations for certain patterns found. Cause and
effect are not the basis of observational research of this kind. Only the
variables are studied in data, relationships, and distributions. Variables are
not manipulated; only defined and observed as occurring in a natural
environment.

Examples of Correlational Research:

• The relationship between intelligence and self-esteem

• The relationship between diet and anxiety
• The relationship between an aptitude test and success in an algebra
course
• The relationships between the types of activities used in math
classrooms and student achievement

4
Causal comparative/quasi-experimental research

It attempts to create relationships of cause and effect between variables.

Such design styles are somewhat like true experiments but with some
significant variations. The experimenter defines an independent variable but
does not modify it, so it tests the effects of the independent variable on the
dependent variable. Identified control groups exposed to the treatment
variable are studied and compared to groups who are not.

Examples of Causal-comparative/Quasi-experimental Research:

• The effect of taking multivitamins on a students’ school absenteeism
• The effect of gender on algebra achievement
• The effect of part-time employment on the achievement of high school
students
• The effect of magnet school participation on student attitude

Experimental research

It is also referred to as true experimentation, uses the scientific method

to determine the relationship between cause and effect among a group of
variables that make up a sample. The true experiment is often thought of as
a laboratory test, but this isn't always the case; it has nothing to do with a
laboratory environment. A real experiment is any research where there is an
attempt to establish and exert control over all other variables except one. An
independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the
dependent variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental
treatments rather than identified in naturally occurring groups.

Examples of Experimental Research:

• The effect of a new treatment plan on breast cancer
• The effect of positive reinforcement on attitude toward school
• A comparison of the effect of personalized instruction vs. traditional
instruction on computational skill

What is the basic methodology for a quantitative research design?

The overall structure for a quantitative design is based in the scientific

method. It uses deductive reasoning, where the researcher forms a
hypothesis, collects data in an investigation of the problem, and then uses
the data from the investigation, after analysis is made and conclusions are
shared, to prove the hypotheses not false or false.

5
The basic procedure of a quantitative design is:

1. Make your observations about something that is unknown,

unexplained, or new. Investigate current theory surrounding your
problem or issue.
2. Hypothesize an explanation for those observations.
3. Make a prediction of outcomes based on your hypotheses. Formulate a
plan to test your prediction.
4. Collect and process your data. If your prediction was correct, go to step
5. If not, the hypothesis has been proven false. Return to step 2 to form
a new hypothesis based on your new knowledge.
5. Verify your findings. Make your final conclusions. Present your findings
in an appropriate form for your audience

Importance of Quantitative Research across Fields

The purpose of quantitative research is to generate knowledge and

create understanding about the social world. Quantitative research is used by
social scientists, including communication researchers, to observe
phenomena or occurrences affecting individuals. Social scientists are
concerned with the study of people. Quantitative research is a way to learn
about a particular group of people, known as a sample population. Using
scientific inquiry, quantitative research relies on data that are observed or
measured to examine questions about the sample population.

A. Quantitative Research and Anthropology

Many discoveries in this field like human behavior in the society, racial
conflicts and human evolution have given enormous contributions to the
improvement of human life.

B. Quantitative Research and Communication

Researchers are often interested in how an understanding of a particular
communication phenomena might be generalized to a larger population.
Example: What communicative behaviors are used to respond to co-
workers displaying emotional stress?

C. Quantitative Research and Medicine

This tends to be predominantly observational research based on surveys
or correlational studies. > Experimental research designs may enhance
the quality of medical education.

D. Quantitative Research and Behavioral Science

The output of this research focuses on how human behavior relates with
another people and also the individual differences that may affect human
relations.

6
 E. Quantitative Research in Educational and Psychology
Many educational principles in understanding human behavior are the
offshoot of this research.

F. Quantitative Research and Social Science

The method employed in this type of quantitative social research are
mostly typically the survey and the experiment. Example: the study of
DSWD regarding 4P’s

V. Activities

Activity # 1

A. Identify if the statement talks about Qualitative or Quantitative research.

_______1. Results from sample surveys can be generalized for entire

population.
_______2. Smaller number of targeted participants.
_______3. Explore outcomes due to treatments, manipulation and outcomes.
_______4. Data can be very consistent, precise and reliable.
_______5. Conducted in natural setting.

Activity # 2:
A. TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is
incorrect.
_______1. Quantitative research involves the utilization and analysis of
numerical data using specific statistical techniques to answer
questions like who, how much, what, where, when, how many, and
how.
_______2. One of the elements of quantitative research is that evaluation of
results confirm or refute (disprove) the original hypothesis.
_______3. In quantitative research project can be used to specify concepts
more widely, predict future results, or investigate causal
relationships.
_______4. Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer
software, to collect numerical data in quantitative research.

7
_______5. The findings in quantitative research can be generalized if selection
process is well-designed and sample is representative of study
population.

Activity # 3:

A. Fill the blank with your best answer.

1. _____________ deals with quantifying and analyzing variables in order to get
results.
2. _____________ focuses on numeric and unchanging data and detailed,
convergent reasoning rather than divergent reasoning.
3. In quantitative research project can be used to ___________ concepts more
widely, predict future results, or investigate causal relationships.
4. Results from quantitative data can be aggregated and are comparable
across ___________ groups.
5. In quantitative research __________ of data and findings provides powerful
indicators to guide policy.

B. Identify what kind of quantitative research the topic is given.

_______1. Economic growth trends under new normal

_______2. Teacher Preparation Program on Student Achievement
_______3. Educational Outcomes of Synchronous and Asynchronous High
School Students on Online Learning
_______4. Third Grade Reading Achievement and the Use of Commercial
Reading Programs to Promote Literacy.
_______5. Why green chemistry is a good alternative to check the loss caused
by technology to the environment?

Activity # 4:

1. Give one best topics that you would like to research per type of
quantitative research.

Descriptive
___________________________________________________________

8
Correlational
___________________________________________________________

Quasi-experimental/causal-comparative
___________________________________________________________

Experimental
___________________________________________________________

Activity # 5:

Choose one topic (choose from your answers on activity no.4) that you would
like to research and explain why. Briefly discuss. Write it on a one whole
yellow paper.
Rubrics for scoring

Features 10 7 5 3
Expert Accomplished Capable Beginner
Quality of • Write-ups was • Write-ups • Write-ups • Write-ups
Writing/So written in an was written had little had no style
urces extraordinary in an style or or voice
style and interesting voice
voice style and • Gives no
voice • Gives some new
new information
• Very
information and very
informative • Somewhat
but poorly poorly
and well informative
organized organized
organized and
organized

VI. Assessment

Multiple Choice. Read the following statements. Choose the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Which research method is most concerned about generalizing its

findings?
A. Qualitative method
B. Quantitative method
C. Mixed method
D. All of the above

9
2. Research is __________?.
A. Searching again and again
B. Finding solution to a problem
C. Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem
D. None of the above

3. Which of the following is the first step in starting a research process?

A. Searching sources of information to locate sources
B. Survey of related literature
C. Identification of problem
D. Searching solution for a problem

4. Which of the following does not describe quantitative research?

A. Formal, subjective, rigorous, systematic process for generating
information
B. Describes new situations, events, or concepts
C. Examines relationships among variables
D. Determines the effectiveness of treatments

5. Which of the following is FALSE?

A. Quantitative research determine the relationship between an
independent variable and a dependent variable within a population.
B. Data in quantitative research are in the form of numbers and
statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other textual
forms
C. Quantitative research describes the methods of explaining an issue
or phenomenon through gathering data in numerical form.
D. Reliability of data and findings in quantitative method provides
powerful indicators to guide policy.

II. Arrange the basic procedure of a quantitative design

________1. Collect and process your data. If your prediction was correct, verify
your findings. If not, the hypothesis has been proven false, form a
new hypothesis based on your new knowledge.
________2. Hypothesize an explanation for those observations.
________3. Verify your findings. Make your final conclusions. Present your
findings in an appropriate form for your audience
________4. Make your observations about something that is unknown,
unexplained, or new. Investigate current theory surrounding your
problem or issue.
________5. Make a prediction of outcomes based on your hypotheses.
Formulate a plan to test your prediction.

10
VII. Reflection

Write your reflection on the separate sheet of paper your first experience on
the first lesson on quantitative research in the new normal (using
modules/learning activity sheets). Use one whole yellow paper.
Question to be considered
- How did the new normal education system affect your learning
styles/habits?

11
VIII. Reference

Apuke, Oberiri. “(PDF) Quantitative Research Methods : A Synopsis Approach,”

2017. https://www.researchgate.net/publication
/320346875_Quantitative_Research_Methods_A_Synopsis_Approach.

Benny,G. (2016). Introduction to Quantitative Research. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305992543_Introduction
_to_Quantitative_Research

Better Thesis (2020). Strength and Limitations of Quantitative Research. Retrieved

from https://betterthesis.dk/research-methods/lesson-1different-
approaches-to-research/strengths-and-limitations

Hulme, David. (2007). Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research for

Country Case Studies of Development. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253197405_Integrating_Quan
titative_and_Qualitative_Research_for_Country_Case_Studies_of_Develop
ment

Spalding University Library (2020). Understanding & Using Data: Library. Retrieved
from https://library.spalding.edu/c.php?g=461133

12
 13
A.
1. Quantitative
2. Quantitative
3. Generalize
4. Comparable
5. Reliability
B.
1. Descriptive
2. Correlational
Answer may vary Answer may vary 3. Causal
4. Comparative/Quasi-
experimental
5. Comparative/Quasi-
experimental
Activity 5 Activity 4 Activity 3
A.
A.
1.TRUE 1. Quantitative Research
2. TRUE 2. Qualitative Research
3. FALSE 3. Quantitative Research
4. TRUE 4. Quantitative Research
5. TRUE
5. Qualitative Research
Activity 2 Activity 1
IX. Answer Key
X. Development Team

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets

Writer: Kevin Junior P. Gomez

Editor: Anthony Rayley M. Cabigting, DEM
Reviewer: Daisy B. Bantigue, Marisa M. Avila
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Engr. Edgard C. Domingo, PhD, CESO V
Leandro C. Canlas, PhD, CESE
Elizabeth O. Latorilla, PhD
Sonny N. De Guzman, EdD
Anthony Rayley M. Cabigting, DEM
Elizabeth C. Miguel, EdD

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Mabalacat

P. Burgos St., Poblacion, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Telefax: (045) 331-8143

E-mail Address: mabalacatcity@deped.gov.ph

14