QUANTITATIVE

AND
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
LOOK ON THE
COMIC STRIP
BELOW. CAN
YOU
DISTINGUISH
THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE
TWO PANELS?

2/12/2024 2
• Quantitative and Qualitative Research (Cristobal &
Cristobal, 2017)
• There are two broad categories of research methodology:
quantitative research and qualitative research. The
method to be used in conducting a research will determine
the approach the researcher takes in identifying relevant
data and collecting and analyzing the information gathered
in the research. Choosing either a quantitative or qualitative
approach will affect the components of the research.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• contact time – the period when the researcher interacts with the research
subjects or participants to obtain relevant information
• hypothesis – a statement usually predicting the relationship between
variables that can be tested by scientific research
• outlier – a statistical observation in a set of data that is inconsistent with the
majority of the data
• output replicability – capable of repetition, imitation or reproduction
• research instrument – a measurement tool designed to obtain, measure and
analyze data from research subjects around the research topic
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• sample size – the number of subjects to be taken from the target population of
the study
• trend – an assumed development in the future that will have a long-term and
lasting effect; prevailing style or preference
• validity – the functional quality of research instrument on obtaining data and
producing results based on the purpose of the study
• variable – any characteristic that can have different values or traits that may
vary across research participants
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Aims to characterize trends and patterns
• Usually starts with either a theory or hypothesis
about the relationship between two or more
variables
• Uses structured research instruments like
questionnaires or schedules
• Uses large sample sizes that are representatives of
the population
• Has high output replicability
• Used to gain greater understanding of group
similarities
• Uses structured processes
• Methods include census, survey, experiment, and
secondary analysis
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Involves processes, feelings, and motives (the why’s and the
how’s) and produces in-depth and holistic data
• Usually concerned with generating hypothesis from data
rather than testing a hypothesis
• Uses either unstructured or semi structured instruments
• Uses small sample sizes chosen purposely
• Has high validity
• Used to gain greater understanding of individual
differences in terms of feelings, motives, and experiences
• Uses more flexible processes
• Methods include field research, case study, and secondary
analysis
“HOW SATISFIED ARE STUDENTS WITH THEIR
STUDIES?”
• QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• You may survey 250 students at your school and ask them a
question, “On a scale from 1-5, how satisfied are you with your
studies?” Then, you can perform statistical analysis on the data and
draw conclusions such as: “On average, students rated their studies
4.1”.
“HOW SATISFIED ARE STUDENTS WITH THEIR
STUDIES?”
• QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• You may conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them
open-ended questions such as: “How satisfied are you with your
studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect of your study
program?”, and “What can be done to improve the study program?”
Based on their answers, you can ask follow-up questions to clarify
things. Furthermore, you can transcribe all interviews and try to
find patterns and commonalities
 Qualitative Research
Advantages ● It provides a richer and deeper
understanding of the phenomenon.
● Participants can provide deeper,
more detailed, and specific answers
to the questions.
Disadvantages ● Number of participants (sample
size) is smaller compared to
quantitative research.
● Narrative findings from a small
number of participants are not
generalizable for the whole
population.
Quantitative Research
● Findings are generalizable and
reflective of the population due to
the large number of participants.
● Use of statistical methods in the
collection and analysis of data gives
validity and reliability to the findings.
● Depth of the answers of the
participants is limited due to the
large sample size and the use of
closed-ended questions.
● Data expressed as numbers may not
always capture the complexities of
the phenomenon under study.
Read and analyze the following characteristics of research method
carefully. Classify whether it is for QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE.

• __________ 1. Aims to characterize trends and patterns

• __________ 2. Applies more flexible processes
• __________ 3. Gains greater understanding of group similarities
• __________ 4. Follows structured processes
• __________ 5. Employs structured research instruments
Read and analyze the following characteristics of research method
carefully. Classify whether it is for QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE.

• __________ 6. Chooses small sample sizes purposely

• _________ 7. Focuses on greater understanding of individual differences
• _________ 8. Administers either unstructured or semi-structured
instruments
• __________ 9. Provides deeper context and meaning
• __________ 10. Starts with neither a theory nor hypothesis
DESCRIPTION
AND
IMPORTANCE
OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
REARRANGE THE JUMBLED LETTERS GIVEN ON EACH ITEM
TO GET THE CORRECT WORDS ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCH.

• 1. (hcacartesircit) : It refers to a distinguishing trait, quality, or

property.
• 2. (gnhterts) : It means a strong attribute or inherent asset.
• 3. (knsseeaw) : It is the quality or state of being weak.
• 4. (ndki) : It pertains to a group united by common traits.
• 5. (cetanmiorp) : It implies the significant worth of something.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• As cited from Spalding
University Library (2020), these
three key elements, research
design, data collection
procedure, and data analysis,
will guide the researcher to
properly conduct a qualitative
research study.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Naturalistic
• Purposeful
• Detailed
• Requires Engagement and Neutrality
• Follows an Inductive Reasoning
• Holistic Perspective
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research is naturalistic.

• A study to be conducted by the researcher
should be based on real-life situations.
Likewise, the researcher should also unfold the
study in a natural manner, that is, the findings
are derived from the analysis of authentic data
gathered from the participants. Such a concept
makes qualitative research known for its non-
controlling characteristic.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research is purposeful.

• In conducting a qualitative type of study, the
researcher should select the participants in a
purposive manner, that is, they will be selected
because they either have easy access to the
information needed or simply have the knowledge
to provide a great deal of information needed to the
study. Hence, these participants are called
“information rich” in the context of research.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research is detailed.

• A thick description of gathered data from the
participants makes this type of study a
detailed one. It is important that the
researcher should capture the direct
quotations of the responses of the
participant/s from the conducted interview or
observation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research requires engagement and

neutrality.
• Direct contact with the people, situation, and
phenomenon under investigation should be
established by the researcher. Immersing oneself
would enable the researcher to acquire personal
experiences and insights which are essential to
better understand the phenomenon.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research follows an inductive

procedure.
• As the researcher immerses himself/herself in the
phenomenon under investigation, specific details
and data will be gathered from the target
participant/s. These data then can be used to
discover emerging patterns and themes. Following
an inductive procedure, the researcher will start
from exploring the phenomenon and will end to
confirming findings of the works
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research is viewed in a holistic

perspective.
• A study in a qualitative type cannot be simply
done in a linear and cause and effect relationship
approach. Rather, it requires the researcher to
view the whole phenomenon under investigation
in a complex system, that is, different variables
can either cause or effect the phenomenon.
STRENGTHS
AND
WEAKNESS
OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
STRENGTHS
• Qualitative research complements
quantitative data.
• Qualitative research provides more
detailed information to explain
complex issues.
• Qualitative research is cost efficient.
WEAKNESSES
• Qualitative research cannot
generalize the findings to the study
population.
• Qualitative research is more difficult
to analyze.
• Qualitative research is time
consuming.
WEAKNESSES
• Qualitative research cannot
generalize the findings to the study
population.
• Qualitative research is more difficult
to analyze.
• Qualitative research is time
consuming.
 KINDS OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

PHENOMENOLOGICAL
ETHNOGRAPHIC
GROUNDED THEORY
CASE STUDY
HISTORICAL
NARRATIVE
PHENOMENOLOGICAL.
This kind of qualitative research focuses on subjective lived
experiences of the participants in order to understand
phenomenon. Here, the researcher is concerned with the
feelings of the participants regarding a particular event or
activity, hence, the uniqueness of their lived situations can be
described. Interview is the common instrument used for its
data collection with the suggested sample size ranging from 5
to 25.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL.
• A researcher aims to determine the challenges and coping
mechanisms of senior high school working students in the
second district of Bataan.
• A researcher aims to explain the lived experiences of the
COVID-19 survivors in the province of Butuan.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL.
“Experiences of Filipino Nurses Working Abroad: A
Phenomenological Study” (Santos, M.C., & Garcia, A. L.
2017)
“Understanding Filipino Transgender Women’s
Experiences of Discrimination: A Phenomenological
Study” (Reyes, M.T., & Ramos, A.L. 2018)
ETHNOGRAPHIC
It is a kind of qualitative research which concentrates on the
study of a group of people in a particular environment. To
characterize behaviors, cultures, challenges, and possible
occurring themes, the researcher is required to engage
himself/herself with the participants through immersion in
an extended period of time. Observation, along with the use
of interview and survey, is an essential instrument for this
type of study
ETHNOGRAPHIC
• A researcher seeks to determine the cultural practices and
healthcare beliefs of the ethnic group living in Batanes
province.
• A researcher seeks to characterize the survival strategies of
families in an urban poor community.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
Becoming a Scientist: An Ethnography of a Filipino
Physics Laboratory (de la Rosa, J.L. 2011)

Beyond the Classroom Walls: An Ethnographic Study on

Parental Involvement in Mathematics Homework Among
Filipino Families (Dumaguing, M.M., & Maravilla, M.L.
2015)
GROUNDED THEORY
This kind of qualitative research intends to explain a
phenomenon through developing a theory. In comparison
with phenomenological study that primarily describes lived
experiences, grounded theory aims to provide explanation
and theory behind those lived experiences. Interview and
supporting documents are the commonly used data
collection instrument for its participants approximately
ranging from 20 to 30 or until data achieve saturation.
GROUNDED THEORY
• A researcher attempts to conceptualize the breast cancer
survivorship process among Kapampangan.

• A researcher attempts to generate a theory of defense

mechanisms of students who experience school bullying.
GROUNDED THEORY
• Navigating the PhD Trajectory: A Grounded Theory
Study of Women in Engineering (Skyrme, S. 2018)

• Understanding the Social Media Adoption in

Organizations: A Grounded Theory Perspective (Soh, P.-
H., & Lim, K.H. 2016)
CASE STUDY
It is a qualitative research kind which allows the researcher
to have an intensive analysis of the phenomenon. The aim of
this study is to accurately describe the case through an in-
depth examination of a single person or single institution.
With this, thorough interview, observation, and
documentation are all utilized as multiple data collection
instruments.
CASE STUDY
• A researcher aims to explain the causes of the reading
difficulty of a grade 5 struggling reader.

• A researcher aims to describe the language challenges of

hearing-impaired students in a SPED class.
CASE STUDY
• Qualitative Case Study Research in Applied Linguistics:
From Research Question to Data Analysis ( Patricia Duff
2014)
• Examining the Role of Technology Integration in
Education: A Case Study of School District A
HISTORICAL
This qualitative research kind is concerned with the
identification, evaluation, and synthesis of past event data.
Further, it aims to understand present patterns and to
anticipate future choices through clearly relating the past
event data which are obtained from sources such as
documents, relics and artifacts, and oral reports.
HISTORICAL
• A researcher attempts to explore the nature and context of
the political leadership of Bataan governors.

• A researcher seeks to explore the development in the

courtship letter writing style among Batangueños
HISTORICAL
• The Anti – Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and
Democratic Transition in the Philippines (Mark R.
Thompson, 1995)

• Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine,

Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Warwick Anderson
2006)
NARRATIVE
Life accounts of individuals based on their personal experiences are typically
obtained and analyzed in the conduct of this kind of qualitative research. The
primary objective of the study is to extract meaningful context based on the
documented experiences. Unlike phenomenological research which focuses
on describing and explaining a phenomenon through the lived experiences of
the participants, narrative research focuses merely on the nature of the story
told by the participants. Hence, phenomenological research may use narrative,
but narrative research does not necessarily need phenomenological. Discourse
analysis is one of the commonly and widely employed approaches of
narrative research.
NARRATIVE
A researcher seeks to characterize the struggles faced by
student-athletes.
A researcher seeks to describe the daily teaching experiences
of millennial teachers in the Schools Division of Bataan.
NARRATIVE
Narratives of Resilience: Filipino Children’s Experiences
of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) (Alvin B. Culaba, Ronald
Allan V. Cruz 2019)
Narratives of Indigenous Knowledge: A Qualitative Study
of Traditional Healing Practices in the Philippines (Maria
Teresa Trinidad P. Dacudao and Maria Regina Justina E.
Estuar 2016)