Please fill the feedback

form before you leave

-Lokesh Sharma

We will • The session is most effective when attended using a

laptop/desktop PC (and not mobile) at a comfortable

Start and peaceful place.

• Keep your mic muted and video off at all times

Shortly • If in doubt, Raise Hand in the chat session you are a

part of. There is a button in bottom right in laptops
and if you are viewing via phone there will be three
Lokesh Sharma dots which will further give you that option.
• Be patient once you have raised your hand. I will
Your actions today address every query you raise.
decide your tomorrow • Please appreciate that the platform isn’t familiar to
both parties, and your trainer is technologically
retarded! Dheere dheere seekhenge
Please be patient
Use Laptop/Desktop
PC
 MUST REMEMBER

• 100% True = Necessarily True (NT)

• 100% False= Necessarily False (NF)
• May or May Not be True= Possibly/Probably
True (PT)

Note: We consider a conclusion correct ONLY

IF it is NT
 What is an Inference?
It is something not stated, but can be logically
derived from what has been stated.

• Never stated
• Necessarily derivable from the given text
 Examples
1. My brother was discharged from the hospital.

2. Thomas Edison invented bulb in the 15th century.

3. The venue for my sister’s marriage has been

shifted to Kolkata
 CL1 Q10
• A press note issued by the Ministry of Agriculture
reads as follows:
“The ministry is relieved to note thtat the rice
production will once again exceed the production
targets, thus ensuring sufficient food supply for all
whose who are below poverty line.
I. Rice production has exceeded production targets
in the past.
II. The entire rice produced is used as food supply for
those below poverty line.
 CL 2, Q14
• Sobers was arguably the most prominent all-rounder of
his era.

I. Sobers was famous only in his era

II. There were other contemporaries of Sobers who were
considered by some to be more prominent all-
rounders than Sobers.
A. Only 1
B. Only 2
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither
 CL2 Q15
Throughout history, every civilization has assumed
that the challenges that were not overcome by them,
will not be overcome by any future civilization either.

1. Every civilization has faced some challenges.

2. In all civilizations, there has been unmet challenges.

A. Only 1
B. Only 2
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither
 Logical Consistency
Girl: I will marry you only if you get me a diamond
ring.

Will she marry you if you get her a diamond ring?

 Logical Consistency

Whenever I dance with my friends, I lose my handkerchief.

1. I danced with my friends, means that I lost my

handkerchief.
2. I did not dance with my friends, but still I lost my
handkerchief.
3. I did not lose my handkerchief, although I danced with
my friends.
4. I lost my handkerchief, hence I did not dance with my
friends.
 Causal statements

• Any statement that has a cause and an effect.

A. If Kohli scores a century, India will win.

B. India will win, if Kohli scores a century.

C. Saurabh failed because he did not study.

D. Saurabh did not study since he was unwell
 Lessons learnt

1. Interchanging the order of cause and effect

doesn’t change the meaning.

2. Same phrase/part can be a cause in one

sentence and an effect in another.
 Characteristics of a Cause
Separate the cause from effect and look at the
cause to see if the cause is

A. Sufficient- the cause guarantees the effect

B. Exclusive- the cause is unsubstitutable

 Case 1- If case
Ground gets wet if it rains

i. It rained today so the ground must be wet

ii. It did not rain today so that ground cannot
be wet
iii. Ground is wet so it must have rained today.
iv. Ground is not wet so it didn’t rain today.
If case (if, when, whenever, each time, every time)
Water stirs when one throws stone

I. Stone has been thrown so the water must stir.

II. Stone has not been thrown so water must not stir.

III. Water did stir so stone was thrown.

IV. Water did not stir so stone was not thrown.

 If- always sufficient, never exclusive

Sufficient Exclusive
If Yes No
 Try it out
Karan does not die when he does not breathe
 Learn the trick!!

Karan does not die when he does not breathe

Karan did not breathe so he did not die.

Karan breathed so he will die.
Karan did not die so he must not have breathed.
Karan died so he must have breathed
 Case 2 -Only If
A son is born only if a woman gets pregnant

I. Mrs. Sharma is pregnant, hence she will give

birth to a son.
II. Mrs. Gupta never got pregnant, so she does
not have a son.
III. Mrs. Kapoor has a son, so she must have got
pregnant.
IV. Mrs. Malik does not have a son, so she must
not have got pregnant ever.
 Only if (only when)
One gets admission to IIT only if one takes JEE

I. Amit took JEE, so he will get admission to IIT.

II. Raghav did not take JEE, so he will not get admission to IIT

III. Manu has got admission to IIT, so he must have taken JEE

IV. Karan did not get admission to IIT, so he must not have
taken JEE.
 If- always sufficient, never exclusive

Sufficient Exclusive
If Yes No
Only If No Yes
 Use the same trick
Lion does not fly only if pigs dance
 Use the same trick
Lion does not fly only if pigs dance

Pigs danced, so lions did not fly.

Pigs did not dance, so lions flew.
Lions did not fly, so pigs must have danced.
Lions flew, pigs must not have danced.
 Unless
• Convert Unless to Only if

Example 1
I will not teach unless you are attentive.

Example 2
I will scream unless you buy me a candy.

X unless Y
Not X only if Y
 If- always sufficient, never exclusive

Sufficient Exclusive
If Yes No
Only If No Yes
Unless ( convert to only if)
 Case 3- Iff (If and only if)

Parul goes to college iff Hina goes to college.

I. Parul went to college, so Hina too must have.

II. Parul did not go to colleges, so Hina too
mustn’t have.
III. Hina went to college, so Parul too must have.
IV. Hina did not go to colleges, so Parul too
mustn’t have.
If- always sufficient, never exclusive

Sufficient Exclusive
If Yes No
Only If No Yes
Unless (only if)
Iff Yes Yes
 Case 4- either or
• Either X or Y means 1 of these- ya toh X nahi toh Y

Either Ankita eats mango or she drinks Slice.

I. Ankita ate mango so she did not drink slice.

II. Ankita drank slice so she did not eat mango.
III. Ankita did not eat mango so she must have drank slice.
IV. Ankita did not drink slice so she must have eaten mango
 Sample Question
If I sleep well, then I do not insult people.

• I insulted people, although I slept well.

• I did not insult people, although I slept well.
• I did not sleep well, still I did not insult people.
• I insulted people, I must not have slept well.
 1
Sunday is on Sunday, only if Monday is on Friday.
• Monday is on Wednesday, so Sunday is on
Sunday.
• Sunday is on Sunday, so Monday is on Monday.
• Sunday is not on Sunday, so Monday is on
Tuesday.
• Monday is on Monday, hence Sunday is not on
Sunday.
 2
Unless we innovate, we will not succeed.
• We innovated, hence we succeeded.
• We did not succeed, hence we must not have
innovated.
• We have succeeded, hence we must have
innovated.
• We succeeded, hence we must have
innovated.
 3
If father is mother, then wife is husband.
• Wife is husband, therefore father must be
mother.
• Wife is not husband, therefore father is not
mother.
• Wife is not husband, therefore husband would
be father.
• Father is not mother, so wife is not husband.
 4
Only if I work hard, I will get at least one job.
• I am working hard, hence I will get at least one
job.
• I am not working, hence I will not get any job.
• I got three jobs, means that I have worked
hard.
• Both the previous statements.
 Logical Consistency

Whenever I dance with my friends, I lose my handkerchief.

1. I danced with my friends, means that I lost my

handkerchief.
2. I did not dance with my friends, but still I lost my
handkerchief.
3. I did not lose my handkerchief, although I danced with
my friends.
4. I lost my handkerchief, hence I did not dance with my
friends.
 6
You can participate unless I do not ban you.
• I banned you, hence you can participate.
• I have not banned you, hence you cannot
participate
• I have banned you, hence you cannot
participate.
• I did not ban you, hence you can participate.