CCNA 200-301, Volume I

Chapter 3
Fundamentals of WANs and
IP Routing
Objectives
• Leased Line WANs
• Ethernet as a WAN technology
• The Internet as WAN link
Wide Area Network
• A WAN uses data links provided by carrier services to access the
Internet and connect different locations of an organization to each
other.

• A WAN is owned by a service provider. A user must pay a fee to use

the provider’s network services to connect remote sites.

• WAN service providers include carriers, such as a telephone network,

cable company, or satellite service.

• Service providers provide links to interconnect remote sites for the

purpose of transporting data, voice, and video.

• WAN technologies define the physical (Layer 1) standards and data-

link (Layer 2) protocols used to communicate long distances.
Leased Line
Conceptual View of the Leased-Line
Service
 Different Names for a Leased Line
Name Meaning or Reference

Leased circuit, The words “line” and “circuit” are often used as synonyms in Telco
Circuit terminology; circuit makes reference to the electrical circuit between the
two endpoints.
Serial link, The words “link” and “line” are also often used as synonyms. “Serial” in
Serial line this case refers to the fact that the bits flow serially, and that routers use
serial interfaces.
Point-to-point link, These terms refer to the fact that the topology stretches between two
Point-to-point line points, and two points only. (Some older leased lines allowed more than
two devices.)
T1 A specific type of leased line that transmits data at 1.544 Megabits per
second (1.544 Mbps).
WAN link, Both these terms are very general, with no reference to any specific
Link technology.
Private line This term refers to the fact that the data sent over the line
cannot be copied by other telco customers, so the data is
private.
Possible Cabling Inside a Telco for a Short
Leased Line

A leased line provides a Layer 1 service

WAN at TCP/IP Data Link Layer

• PPP
• Frame relay
• HDLC
• ATM
• Ethernet WAN

the two most popular data-link layer protocols used for leased lines
between two routers are High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).
How Routers Use a WAN Data Link
IP Routing Logic over LANs and WANs
General Concept of Routers De-encapsulation
and Re-encapsulating IP Packets
Ethernet as a WAN Technology
• Leased line do have some negatives as well compared
to newer WAN technologies, including a higher cost
and typically longer lead times to get the service
installed.

• Additionally, by today’s standards, leased-line LANs

are slow, with faster speeds in the tens of megabits per
second (Mbps).

• New faster WAN technology has been replacing

leased lines for a long time, including the second
WAN technology discussed in this course: Ethernet.
Fiber Ethernet Link to Connect CPE Router
to a Service Provider’s WAN

The (fiber) Ethernet link leaves the customer building and connects to some nearby
SP location called a point of presence (PoP).

Instead of a telco switch, the SP uses an Ethernet switch. Inside the SP’s network, the
SP uses any technology that it wants to create the specific Ethernet WAN services
EoMPLS Acting like a Simple Ethernet Link
Between Two Routers
Routing over an Ethernet WAN Link
Routing Logic: PC1 Sending an IP Packet to
PC2
Network Layer and Data-Link Layer
Encapsulation
IPv4 Header, Organized as 4 Bytes Wide for a Total of 20 Bytes

IPV4 header format is 20 to 60 bytes in length. It contains

information need for routing and delivery.
 Example of How Routing Protocols
Advertise About Networks and Subnets
Sample ARP Process
Sample Network, ping Command