access network

An access network is a user network that connects subscribers to a particular

service provider and, through the carrier network, to other networks such as
the Internet.

Some types of access networks:

 Ethernet is the most commonly installed wired LAN (local area network)
technology. Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades
of twisted pair wires.

 Wireless LANs allow mobile users to connect through a wireless (radio)

connection.

 Fibre optic networks such as fiber to the home (FTTH) use optical
fiber from a central point directly to individual buildings such as residences,
apartment buildings and businesses.

 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology for

transmitting digitalinformation at a high bandwidth on existing phone lines
to homes and businesses.

Computer Network | Access networks

An access network is a type of network which physically connects an end system to
the immediate router (also known as the “edge router”) on a path from the end system
to any other distant end system. Examples of access networks are ISP, home networks,
enterprise networks, ADSL, mobile network, FITH etc.
Types of access networks:
 Ethernet –
It is the most commonly installed wired LAN technology and it provides services on
the Physical and Data Link Layer of OSI reference model. Ethernet LAN typically
uses coaxial cable or twisted pair wires.
 DSL –
DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line and DSL brings a connection into your
home through telephone lines and a DSL line can carry both data and voice
signals and the data part of the line is continuously connected. In DSL you are able
to use the Internet and make phone calls simultaneously. DSL modem uses the
telephone lines to exchange data with digital subscriber line access multiplexer
(DSLAMs). In DSL we get 24 Mbps downstream and 2.5 Mbps upstream.
  FTTH –
Fiber to the home (FTTH) uses optical fiber from a central Office (CO) directly to
individual buildings and it provides high-speed Internet access among all access
networks.It ensures high initial investment but lesser future investment and it is the
most expensive and most future-proof option amongst all these access networks.
 Wireless LANs –
It links two or more devices using wireless communication within a range. It uses
high-frequency radio waves and often include an access point for connecting to the
Internet.
 3G and LTE –
It uses cellular telephony to send or receive packets through a nearby base station
operated by the cellular network provider. The term “3G internet” refers to the third
generation of mobile phone standards as set by the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU). Long Term Evolution (LTE) offers high-speed
wireless communication for mobile devices and increased network capacity.
Introduction to basic Networking terminology
For a specific purpose if things are connected together, are referred as a NETWORK. A
network can be of many types, like a telephone network, television network, computer
network or even a people network.
Similarly, a COMPUTER NETWORK is also a kind of setup, where it connects two or
more devices to share a range of services and information in the form of e-mails and
messages, databases, documents, web-sites, audios and videoes, Telephone
calls and video conferences etc among them.
A PROTOCOL is nothing but set of defined rules, which has to be followed by every
connected devices across a network to communicate and share information among
them. To facilitates End to End communication, a number of protocols worked together
to form a Protocol Suites or Stacks.
Some basic Protocols are:
 IP : Internet Protocol
 FTP : File Transfer Protocol
 SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
The Network reference models were developed to allow products from different
manufacturers to interoperate on a network. A network reference model serves as a
blueprint, detailing standards for how protocol communication should occur.
The most widely recognized reference models are, the Open Systems
Interconnect ( OSI ) Model and Department of Defense ( DoD, also known
as TCP/IP ) model.
Network Types are often categorized by their size and functionality. According to the
size, the network can be commonly categorized into Three types.
 LANs (Local Area Networks)
 MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks)
 WANs (Wide Area Networks)
An Internetwork is a general term describing multiple networks connected together.
The Internet is the largest and most well-known internetwork.
Some networks are categorized by their function, as opposed to their size. For example:
 SAN (Storage Area Network): A SAN provides systems with high-speed, lossless
access to high-capacity storage devices.
 VPN (Virtual Private Network): A VPN allows for information to be securely sent
across a public or unsecure network, such as the Internet. Common uses of a VPN
are to connect branch offices or remote users to a main office.
In a network, any connected device is called as host. A host can serve as following ways:
 A host can acts as a Client, when he is requesting information.
 A host can acts as a Server, when he provides information.
 A host can also request and provide information, is called Peer.

Core Network
Definition - What does Core Network mean?
A core network is a telecommunication network's core part, which offers numerous
services to the customers who are interconnected by the access network. Its key
function is to direct telephone calls over the public-switched telephone network.
In general, this term signifies the highly functional communication facilities that
interconnect primary nodes. The core network delivers routes to exchange information
among various sub-networks. When it comes to enterprise networks that serve a single
organization, the term backbone is often used instead of core network, whereas when
used with service providers the term core network is prominent.
This term is also known as network core or backbone network.

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Techopedia explains Core Network

The facilities and devices used for the core or backbone networks are usually routers and
switches, with switches being used more often. The technologies used for the core facilities are
mainly network and data link layer technologies, including asynchronous transfer mode (ATM),
IP, synchronous optical networking (SONET) and dense wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM). For backbone networks used for enterprises, a 10 Gb Ethernet or gigabit Ethernet
technology is also used in many instances.

Core networks usually offer the following features:

 Aggregation: The top degree of aggregation can be seen in a service provider network.
Next in the hierarchy within the core nodes is the distribution networks, followed by the
edge networks.
  Authentication: Determines whether the user demanding a service from a telecom
network is permitted to complete the task within the network.
 Call Control or Switching: Determines the future span of a call depending on the
processing of call signaling.
 Charging: Deals with the processing and collation of charging the data created by
multiple network nodes.
 Service Invocation: A core network executes the service invocation task for its
customers. Service invocation may occur in line with some precise activity (such as call
forwarding) by the users or unconditionally (such as for call waiting).
 Gateways: Should be used in core network for accessing other networks. The
functionality of gateways depends on the kind of network to which it is connected.

Network delay
1. 1. Network Delay
2. 2. What is Network Delay  How long a bit of data takes to travel from one node to another
across the network.  It is measured in multiple of fractions of seconds.
3. 3. Type of Delay  Transmission Delay  Propagation delay  Processing delay  Queuing
delay
4. 4. Transmission Delay  Time taken to transmit the packet onto the outgoing link.  Denoted
by Tt.
5. 5. Transmission Delay  Formula  L= Length of the packet  B= Bandwidth of the outgoing
link in bits/seconds.  L is measured in power of 2 (2^5).  B is measured in power of 10
(10^3). Tt=L/B
6. 6. Example Q1. Length= 10 bits, Bandwidth= 1 bits/sec. Find Tt?  Solution: Tt=L/B Tt=10/1
= 10 sec Q. Length= 1 kb, Bandwidth= 1 kbps Find Tt?  Solution: L=1 kb = 2^10 = 1024 bits
B= kbps = 10^3 = 1000 bps Tt = 1024 bits/1000 bps Tt = 1.024 sec
7. 7. Propagation delay  Time taken by one bit to move from one end of wire to another end of
wire.  It is denoted by Tp.
8. 8. Propagation delay  Formula  d= Length of wire  v= velocity of wire Tp=d/v
9. 9. Processing delay  Time taken to process a packet by router.  Processing of packet
includes checking the destination IP address, finding the routing table, deciding the outgoing
link.  Factors that affect the processing delay: i. speed of router ii. size of routing table
10. 10. Queuing delay  Amount of time is spend by a packet in a queue before being taking up
for processing.
11. 11. Thank you