Computer Network

When two or more computers are connected together then the connected computers are known as
a computer network.
The number of possible connections on a network is N(N–1) or N2 –N
N = Number of nodes (points of connection). Example: 10 computers on a network = 10(10–1) =
10x9= 90 possible connections.

Use of Computer Network as a Manager in Business Organization

Business organizations manager or any manager of business organizations. They need to use a
computer network for business operations especially for sharing resources, sharing voice, sharing
different types of information in order to make video conferencing or data conferencing in order
to make teamwork. So, the computer network is necessary. As a manager, this type of computer
network is very much important for your business organizations. Whatever may be the student
we business or different arena. It doesn't matter your duty is to use a computer network and
nowadays in order to share information to your employee or to your subordinate. So definitely
we have to use computer network.

On the Basis of Geographical Region or Distance, the Computer Network

divides into Three Categories
 LAN (Local Area Network)- The local area for computer networks of one computer is
connected to other computers together within the city or within the business organizations or
in a building and not more than one kilometer. If the LAN establish on any campus then it
will be called Campus Area Network (CAN). If the network used in any home or residential
area it will be called Home Area Network (HAN). For using personal purposes, it will be
called Personal Area Network (PAN). Wi-Fi= Wireless Fidelity is one kind of LAN. Suppose
you have a computer network in your lab. So, this lab's computer network definitely a LAN.
Because the Local Area Network is not long-distance, it is a very short distance. We can
transfer our data through this short distance easily. So, when two or more computers are
connected together with the help of wire or wireless it will be a Local Area Network.
Nowadays, we are connecting these computers with the help of wireless, it is known as
WLAN or Wireless Local Area Network. LAN will be an intranet.
(WLAN) In this regard there are two types of Transmission Media
 Wireless Media/ Unguided Media- You can transfer your information from one
place to another. So, this is the wireless media. So definitely we are connecting with
you with the help of wireless media because you are not connected with the wired.
We are connected with wireless media as its internet. Example: Radio Frequency,
Satellite
  Wired Media/ Guided Media- Guided media means with the help of this media the
information or data or voice will be transmitted from transmitter to receiver with the
help of a cable or the guided path. Example: Cable. This is faster than unguided
media because guided media gives shorter distance coverage and less data noise at
this distance.
# Three types of Cable
 Twisted pair
 Coaxial cable
 Optical fiber

 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)- Its coverage 60 Km area. WiMAX is one kind of MAN.
 WAN (Wide Area Network)- Internet is an example of a Wide Area Network. It is coverage
of a large geographical region from one country to another country.

Intranet
Network with an organization. Like Shwapno, they have varieties of products through their
suppliers, they have a computer network, so their employees and staff using an Intranet. Intranet
for sales reps to access customer records for CRM (customer relationship management)
The Role of Intranets
 Many companies have sophisticated and widespread intranets, offering detailed data
retrieval, collaboration, personalized customer profiles, links to the Internet
 Intranets use Internet technologies like web browsers and servers, TCP/IP network
protocols, HTML publishing, and databases
 Intranets are protected by Passwords, Encryption, Firewalls
 Customers, suppliers, and other business partners can access an intranet via extranet
links
Business Value of Intranets
 Intranets support communications and collaboration
 Business operations and management
 Web publishing
 Intranet portal managementcabe

Extranet
When one company's intranet is allowed to access by the third-party trusted partner or
collaborator then it is known as the Extranet. Extranet access to customer’s inventory database.
Unsecured Extranet
The link between a company and others via the Internet, relying on encryption of sensitive data
and firewall security systems.
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
It used to establish secure intranets and extranets and relies on network firewalls, encryption, and
other security features to build a pipe through the Internet. It also creates a private network
without the high cost of a separate proprietary connection.
Business Value of Extranets
 Web browser technology makes customer and supplier access to intranets easier and
faster
 Another way to build and strengthen strategic relationships
 Enables and improves collaboration between a business, customers, and partners
 Facilitates online, interactive product development and marketing

Internet
Intranet+Extranet; Network of network.

Five Important Components for Telecommunications/ Communications

1. Transmitter- Anyone can use computer or smart mobile as a transmitter. It is called Data
Terminal Equipment (DTE) and another one is Data Communication Equipment (DCE).
DTE example: Modem means modulation and demodulation (Modulator-MO,
Demodulator-DEM= MODEM). Modulation is the process of adding low frequency with
a high-frequency carrier signal. Demodulation is the process of differentiating high
frequency from the low-frequency signal. DTE example: Computer.

# Function of MODEM
 Portable internet access
 Converts digital to analog and analog to digital
 Modulate and demodulate
 Compressing the Data
 Error Correction

2. Receiver

3. Media- Guided Media & Unguided Media

 4. Protocol- It consists of a set of rules or a set of regulations that we have to use in order to
transfer data from transmitter to receiver and vice versa. And vice versa means the data
can be transfer from transmitter to receiver and receiver to the transmitter. TCP/IP or the
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a suite of communication protocols.
# Function of Protocol
 Establishment of connection between transmitter and receiver
 Log of information
 Error detection and connection
 Data compression
 Data routing
 Data sequencing
 Slicing the data into smaller packet

# Protocol Model
 Open System Interconnection (OSI)
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

5. Message or Data
# Transmitter Media Receiver
# Transmitter (Digital)………Media (Analog)………...Receiver (Digital)

Mode of Transmission
i. Simplex- The direction of data flow at all time (simultaneously). Example: T………R,
Radio, TV transmission, Keyboard, Mouse.

ii. Half-duplex- Transmission lines can carry data in both directions, but the data can be
sent only in one direction at a time (not simultaneously). The direction of data flow at a
time (t1) T........R; The direction of data flow at a time (t2) R........T Example: Walkie-
Talkie, Internet Browsers.

iii. Full-duplex- It is bi-directional in nature. It is two-way communication in which both the

stations can transmit and receive the data simultaneously. The direction of data flow at all
time (simultaneously). Example: T……R, R……. T; Telephone Network, In which both
the persons can talk and listen to each other simultaneously.
Bit Per Second (Bps)
The data speed of the transmitter is called Bit Per Second (BPS). The bit per second is how many
bits are to be transmitted per second through cable or any media.
8 Bits- 1Byte
1024 Byte- 1KB
1024 KB- 1MB
1024 MB- 1GB
1024 GB- 1TB
# In Wired Media, cable using Kbps, Mbps and optical fiber using or bandwidth Gbps.
Bandwidth means It is the difference between the highest frequency and lowest frequency (f2-
f1). More bandwidth means more speed. Speed and capacity typically measured in bits per
second (bps). The bps is known as baud rate.
# Telecommuting- Working at home without going to the office. Your house is now SOHO
means Small Office & Home Office.
# Three types of Band
i. Narrow band- 300–3400 bps (low speed)
ii. Voice band- 9600 bps/ 9.6 Kbps
iii. Broad band- Mbps (high speed)

Metcalfe's Law
By this law, if 'n' number of a user then the network utility will be n2 (square form)

Internet Networking Technologies

Internet networking technologies are being used as the technology platform
 Web browser suites- Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explore
 HTML Web page editors
 Network management software- UNIX/ LINUX Operating System
 Firewalls- It is a combination of hardware and software techniques that protects internal
network from an outside threat, fraud, or virus.

Middleware
A general term for any programming that mediates between two separate programs. It takes
middle place and interfaces between client and server. It routes data and information between
back-end data sources and end-user applications. An essential component of any IT
infrastructure.

Digital Network Technologies

Telecommunications are being revolutionized by the switch from analog to digital
Analog: Voice-oriented transmission
Digital: Discrete pulse transmission (0,1)

If it is Digital then the Benefits

 Higher transmission speeds
 Moves larger amounts of information
 Greater economy and much lower error rates
 Transmits multiple types of communications (data, voice, video) on the same circuits.
Transmitter (Digital)………Media (Analog)………...Receiver (Digital)

Wireless Technologies
o Fiber-Optic
 Uses pulses of laser-generated light
 Reduced size and installation effort
 Vastly greater communication capacity
 Faster transmission speeds
 Freedom from electrical interference

o Satellite Transmission
 Can move massive quantities of data, audio, and video over global networks
 Especially useful in isolated areas

Internet1
 It is a cable-connected network
 It is used by normal cable
 Its speed is less than the next generation of the internet

Internet2
  High-performance
 Different infrastructure than the current Internet
 Will not replace the current Internet
 In use at over 200 universities, scientific institutions, communications corporations
 May never become totally open
 Users are connected via Abilene, a backbone that supports a throughput of 10 Gbps
 Infinite bandwidth

Internet Service Providers

ISP- Its mean Internet Service Providers. Internet Service Providers (ISP) refers to an
organization that easily provides Internet services for commercial and residential purposes. It is
the gateway to the network and everything that can perform online.
Function of ISP
 Internet Service Providers serve large companies by providing a direct connection from
the company's network to the internet.
 Provides internet services like email, access to software tools, security service, and Web
hosting.
 ISPs themselves are connected to one another through network access points.
 One ISP can easily connect to another to obtain addresses of websites or user nodes.
 ISP act as a mediator between the user and the internet

Value of Telecommunications Networks

Strategic Capabilities E-Business Examples Business Value
Overcome Geographic Barriers- Use the Internet and extranets to Provides better customer
Capture information about transmit customer orders from service by reducing delays in
business traveling salespeople to a filling orders and improves
transactions from remote corporate data center for order cash flow by speeding up the
locations. processing and inventory billing of customers.
control.
Overcome Time Barriers- Credit authorization at the point Credit inquiries can be made
Provide information to remote of sale using online POS and answered in seconds
locations immediately after it is networks.
requested.
Overcome Cost Barriers- Reduce Desktop videoconferencing Reduces expensive business
the cost of more traditional means between a company and its trips; allows customers,
of communication business partners using the suppliers, and employees to
Internet, intranets, and extranets. collaborate, thus improving the
quality of decisions reached
Overcome Structural Barriers- Business-to-business electronic Fast, convenient services lock-
Support linkages for competitive commerce websites for in customers and suppliers
advantage transactions with suppliers and
customers using the Internet and
extranets

Business Value of the Internet

 Generate new revenue sources
 Develop new markets and channels
 Attract new customers
 Reduce the costs of doing business
 Develop new web-based products
 Increase customer loyalty and retention

Circuit Switching
The switch opens a circuit to establish a link between a sender and a receiver. It remains open
until the communication session is completed.

Packet Switching
It breaks messages into groups called packets. It transmits packets separately.

Switch
It makes connections between telecommunications circuits in a network

Router
It is an intelligent communications processor that interconnects networks based on different
protocols.

Gateway
It connects networks with different communications architectures

Encryption
It is the process by which the original message will be converted to a coded format, this format is
known as the encrypted message, and this process is called encryption.

Decryption
It is the process of converting a coding message into an original message, and this process is
called decryption.

Clients
End-user personal computers or networked computers. It is a service requester.

Servers
Used to manage the networks. It is a service provider.

Two-Tier Architecture
If it is only shared between the clients and servers then it is called two-tier architecture

Three/ Multi-Tier Architecture

If it is shared between the clients, application layer, and servers then it is called three/ multi-tier
architecture

Multiplexer
It allows a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many
terminals. In time-division multiplexing (TDM), the multiplexer divides the time each terminal
can use the high-speed into short time slots. Multiplexers increase the number of transmissions
possible.

Network Management Functions

 Traffic Management- Manage network resources and traffic to avoid congestion and
optimize service levels
 Security- Provide authentication, encryption, firewall, auditing, and enforcement
 Network Monitoring- Troubleshoot and watch over the network, alerting administrators
of potential problems
 Capacity Planning- Survey network resources, traffic patterns, and users’ needs.
Determine the best way to accommodate the needs of the network as it grows and
changes

Network Topologies
Topology means it is the structure of a network
 Star Network- Ties end user computers to a central computer
 Ring Network- Ties local computer processors together in a ring on a relatively equal
basis
 Bus Network- Local processors share the same communications channel
 Mesh Network- Uses direct communications lines to connect some or all of the
computers in the ring to each other

OSI and TCP/IP Models

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model- A seven-layer model that serves as a standard
model for network architectures.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)- A five-layer telecommunications
protocol used by the Internet.

TCP/IP OSI Function

Application or Process Layer Application Layer Provides communications services for end-
user applications

- Presentation Layer Provides appropriate data transmission

formats and codes

- Session Layer Supports the accomplishment of

telecommunications sessions

Host-to-Host Transport Transport Layer Supports the organization and transfer of

Layer data between nodes in the network

Internet Protocol (IP) Network Layer Provides appropriate routing by

establishing connections among network
links
Network Interface Data Link Layer Supports error-free organization and
transmission of data in the network

Physical Layer Physical Layer Provides physical transmission of data on

the telecommunications media in the
network

Voice Over IP (VoIP)

Internet Telephony
Functions
 Using an Internet connection to pass voice data using IP instead of a telephone network
 Often referred to as voice over IP or VoIP
 Works like a regular phone, but skips long-distance charges
 Runs over standard network infrastructure
 Requires a well-configured network to work smoothly