Session 5 Notes

CS – Database Management Systems
Session 5 Agenda
 Note on Individual Assignments / Plagiarism

 Oracle Installation Questions
 Chapter 5: Relational Database Management Systems and SQL
 Chapter 5 Team Assignment Review
 Chapter 5 Individual Assignment Review
 do not share or submit someone else's homework.
 do not seek anyone's help or work together on individual
assignments.
 If you have questions, please ask me.
 if you need additional time on any homework assignment, please ask
me before the assignment is due.
Chapter 5: Relational Database
Management Systems and SQL
Chapter 5: Relational Database Management Systems and SQL
History of Relational DBMS and SQL
 Relational databases first proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970

 SQL used in prototype System R, which was developed by IBM in
the late 1970s
 SQL used in Oracle - Ellison, Miner & Oakes, released the
commercial relational database system in late 1970s
 Ingres, another RDBMS was developed at the University of
California at Berkeley by Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker
 SQL incorporated into IBM’s SQL/DS in 1981, and DB2 in 1983
 SQL also incorporated in many other RDBMS such as Microsoft
SQL Server, MySQL, Informix, Sybase, PostgreSQL, Microsoft
Access
Standards
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International

Standards Organization (ISO) adopted SQL as a standard language
for relational databases and published specifications for the SQL
language in 1986 called SQL-1
 Minor revision, SQL-89
 Major revision, SQL-2,1992
 Major revision, SQL-3, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011- multi-part
revision, includes new data types, object-oriented (OO) facilities,
user defined datatypes (UDTs), triggers, support for XML, temporal
databases
 Most vendors support standard, but have slight variations of their
own
Components of SQL
 Data Definition Language (DDL) is the syntax to define the

database – Ex: create or modify database objects such as tables,
indexes, users, etc.
 Data Manipulation Language (DML) is the syntax used to process

the database – Ex: select, insert, update, delete data from the
database.
 Authorization Language is the syntax used to grant privileges to

users – Ex: grant, revoke, etc
Examples of DDL statements
CREATE TABLE is used to create table.

Example: SQL> CREATE TABLE <table_name>
( <column_a> <datatype> [<column constraint>],
<column_b> <datatype> [<column constraint>],
…,
[<table constraints>]);
DROP TABLE is used to drop table.

Example: SQL> DROP TABLE <table_name>;
CREATE INDEX is used to create an index.

Example: SQL> CREATE INDEX <index_name>
ON <table_name> (column_b);
University Sample Database Table DDL

CREATE TABLE Student (
stuId VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL,
lastName VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
firstName VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
major VARCHAR2(10),
credits NUMBER(3) DEFAULT 0,
CONSTRAINT Student_stuId_pk PRIMARY KEY (stuId),
CONSTRAINT Student_credits_cc CHECK ((credits>=0) AND (credits < 150)));
CREATE TABLE Faculty (

facId VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL,
name VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
department VARCHAR2(20),
rank VARCHAR2(10),
CONSTRAINT Faculty_facId_pk PRIMARY KEY (facId));
University Sample Database Table DDL (Con’t)

CREATE TABLE Class (
classNumber VARCHAR2(8) NOT NULL,
facId VARCHAR2(6),
Schedule VARCHAR2(8),
room VARCHAR2(6),
CONSTRAINT Class_classNumber_pk PRIMARY KEY (classNumber),
CONSTRAINT Class_schedule_room_uk UNIQUE (schedule, room),
CONSTRAINT class_facId_fk FOREIGN KEY (facid)
REFERENCES Faculty (facId) ON DELETE CASCADE);
CREATE TABLE Enroll (

stuId VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL,
classNumber VARCHAR2(8) NOT NULL,
Grade VARCHAR2(2),
CONSTRAINT Enroll_classNumber_stuId_pk PRIMARY KEY (classNumber,stuId),
CONSTRAINT Enroll_classNumber_fk FOREIGN KEY (classNumber)
University Sample Database
Student Table Faculty Table
Enroll Table
Class Table
ADD (who_updated date,
when_updated varchar2(8));
SQL> ALTER TABLE <table_name>

MODIFY (<column_name> varchar2(50));

DROP COLUMN<column_name>;

RENAME COLUMN <old_column_name>
TO <new_columnd_name>;
ALTER TABLE (Con’t)
Example to add primary key, foreign key, check constraint:

SQL> ALTER TABLE STUDENT
ADD CONSTRAINT Student_stuId_pk
PRIMARY KEY (stuId);
SQL> ALTER TABLE CLASS

ADD CONSTRAINT class_facId_fk
FOREIGN KEY (facid)
REFERENCES Faculty (facId) ON DELETE CASCADE;
SQL> ALTER TABLE STUDENT

ADD CONSTRAINT Student_credits_cc
CHECK ((credits>=0 AND (credits < 150)));
ALTER TABLE (Con’t)
Example to drop constraint and rename, drop table:

ADD CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>
SQL> ALTER TABLE <table_name

DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>;
SQL> RENAME <old_table_name>

TO <new_table_name>;
SQL> DROP TABLE <table_name>;

Ex: CREATE INDEX student_n1
ON STUDENT (LASTNAME);
Order is ascending - ASC (default) – or you can create in descending

order - DESC
Ex: CREATE INDEX student_n1
ON STUDENT (LASTNAME DESC);
UNIQUE INDEXES
Unique specification enforces unique value for indexed columns or

combination of columns:
SQL> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX <index_name>
ON <table_name> (<column_name(s)>);
Note: unique index for primary key is automatically created.

CREATE USER
CREATE USER: this privilege creates user.

Ex: SQL> create user <username> identified by <password>;
ALTER USER: this privilege is used for authentication or database

resource characteristics. Ex: changing password, tablespace,etc
GRANT CONNECT: Usually when creating a user, you need to GRANT

CONNECT to <username>; to allow the user to connect to the
database.
GRANT RESOURCE would allow user to create objects in his/her

schema. Ex: GRANT RESOURCE to <user_name>;
GRANT ROLE: Instead of granting individual grants to user you can grant
to the role and then just grant the role to the user.
CREATE VIEW
CREATE VIEW: is a virtual table formed by a query.

It can be used to show:
 a subset of table (value-independent view)
 Only show certain rows by using a WHERE clause (valued-independent
view).
 Rename attributes
 Join several tables
 use functions or sub-queries in the SELECT.
SQL> CREATE VIEW <view_name>
[view_column1, view_column2, …]
AS SELECT column1, column2, …
FROM TABLE_NAME, [TABLE_NAME2, …]
WHERE condition;
CREATE VIEW (Con’t)
Example of creating a student_new view (limiting number of attributes and

renaming attributes)
SQL> CREATE view STUDENT_NEW
(student_id, first_name, last_name)
AS SELECT stuid, firstname,lastname
FROM STUDENT;
Note: this privilege is not included in the RESOURCE role; therefore
you need to grant it before using.
From sys: grant create view to resource;
CREATE VIEW (Con’t)

SQL> desc student
Name Null? Type
---------------- -------- ------
STUID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(6)
LASTNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
FIRSTNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
MAJOR VARCHAR2(10)
CREDITS NUMBER(3)
SQL> desc student_new

Name Null? Type
---------------- -------- ------
STUDENT_ID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(6)
FIRST_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
LAST_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
Examples of DDL statements (Con’t)
ALTER TABLE: is used to add, modify, drop columns in a table.

Example: SQL> ALTER TABLE <table_name>
ADD (who_updated varchar2(8),
when_updated date);

MODIFY (customer_name varchar2(50));

DROP COLUMN<column_name>;

RENAME COLUMN <old_column_name>
TO <new_columnd_name>;
SELECT Clause
Find the name of all students:

SQL> SELECT firstname, lastname
FROM student;
Select all the attributes:

SQL> SELECT *
FROM student;
Select a list of majors that students are taking (no duplicates)

SQL> SELECT DISTINCT major
FROM student;
INSERT Clause
Describe Student table:

SQL> desc student
stuId VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL
lastName VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL
firstName VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL
major VARCHAR2(10)
credits NUMBER(3)
Insert row into the student table:

SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT
VALUES ('S1025',‘Jones','Tom',‘Math',50);
Note: The order of the values should follow the order of the columns on the table.
DELETE/TRUNCATE Clause
Delete all of the rows from the student table:

SQL> DELETE FROM student;
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE student;
Note: Difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE

is that TRUNCATE cannot be rolled back.
UPDATE Clause
Describe Student table:

SQL> desc student
stuId VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL
lastName VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL
firstName VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL
major VARCHAR2(10)
credits NUMBER(3)
Change Tom Smith’s major from History to Math:

SQL> UPDATE STUDENT
SET major = ‘Math’
WHERE lastName = ‘Smith’
AND firstName = ‘Tom’;
WHERE Clause
Find the name of all students that are majoring in Math:

FROM student
WHERE major = ‘Math’;
Find the name of all students that are majoring in Math and have taken
more than 30 credits:
FROM student
WHERE major = ‘Math’
AND credits > 30;
WHERE Clause (Con’t)
Find the name of all students EXCEPT the ones majoring in Math:
FROM student
WHERE major <> ‘Math’;
Find the name of all students with the last name beginning with ‘S’
FROM student
WHERE lastName like ‘S%’;
WHERE Clause (Con’t)
Find the names of all faculty with salary between 90k and 100k:
SQL> SELECT *
FROM faculty
WHERE salary BETWEEN 90000 AND 100000;
Delete the students that major in History:

SQL> DELETE FROM student
WHERE major = ‘History’;
ORDER Clause
Find the name of all students in alphabetical order:

FROM student
ORDER BY lastname;
Find the name of all students in descending order:

FROM student
ORDER BY lastname desc;
Select a list of majors that students are taking (no duplicates)

SQL> SELECT DISTINCT major
FROM student;
INNER / OUTER JOIN Tables
What are the classes that each student is enrolled in:

SQL> SELECT s.stuId, s.firstname, s.lastname, e.classNumber
FROM student s,
enroll e
WHERE s.stuID = e.stuID
ORDER BY s.lastname;
OUTER JOIN will tell you all the students whether they are enrolled in a class or not:
SQL> SELECT s.stuId, s.firstname, s.lastname, e.classNumber
FROM student s,
enroll e
WHERE s.stuID = e.stuID(+)
ORDER BY s.lastname;
INNER JOIN Example

OUTER JOIN Example

GROUP BY / HAVING CLAUSE
Find the names and average salaries of all departments:

SQL> SELECT department, avg(salary)
FROM faculty
GROUP BY department;
Find the names and average salaries of all departments whose average salary is
greater than 90000:
SQL> SELECT department, avg(salary)
FROM faculty
GROUP BY department
HAVING avg(salary) > 90000;
GROUP BY / HAVING CLAUSE Example

NOT IN
Find all students enrolled in a class:

SQL> SELECT * FROM student
WHERE stuid
IN
(SELECT stuid FROM enroll);
Find all students NOT enrolled in a class:

SQL> SELECT * FROM student
WHERE stuid
NOT IN
(SELECT stuid FROM enroll);
NOT IN Example
UNION / UNION ALL
UNION – selects from 2 tables WITHOUT duplicates:

SQL> SELECT stuid
FROM student
UNION
SELECT stuid
FROM enroll;
UNION ALL – selects from 2 tables WITH duplicates:

SQL> SELECT stuid
FROM student
UNION ALL
SELECT stuid
FROM enroll;
UNION / UNION ALL Example

INTERSECT /MINUS
INTERSECT – returns rows from one table that also RESIDES in

the other table:
SQL> SELECT stuid
FROM student
INTERSECT
SELECT stuid
FROM enroll;
INTERSECT /MINUS (Con’t)
MINUS– returns rows from one table MINUS the rows from the
second table:
SQL> SELECT stuid
FROM student
MINUS
SELECT stuid
FROM enroll;
INTERSECT / MINUS Example

TRIGGERS
Triggers can be executed before or after insert, update, or delete

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER <trigger_name>
[BEFORE/AFTER] [INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE] ON <table_name>
REFERENCING NEW AS NEW OLD AS OLD
[FOR EACH ROW] [WHEN condition]
BEGIN
trigger body
END;
/
:OLD refers to the old value being updated.

:NEW refers to the new value that is being inserted or updated
TRIGGERS (Con’t)
Example of updating who_updated and when_updated:
CREATE or REPLACE TRIGGER student_t1

BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE on student
REFERENCING NEW AS NEW OLD AS OLD
for EACH ROW
BEGIN :NEW.WHO_UPDATED := USER;
:NEW.WHEN_UPDATED := SYSDATE;
END;
/
TRIGGERS (Con’t)
TRIGGERS (Con’t)
 Triggers can be disabled using the alter trigger command:

Ex: ALTER TRIGGER <trigger_name> DISABLE;
 Triggers can be enabled using the alter trigger command:
Ex: ALTER TRIGGER <trigger_name> ENABLE;
 Triggers can be dropped using the drop trigger command:
Ex: DROP TRIGGER <trigger_name>;
Chapter 5 Questions?
Chapter 5: Individual and Team
Assignments Review
Chapter 5: Individual Laboratory Exercises Assignment
Use DDL provided to create the University database in Oracle:

Fig_5.1_DDL&InsertsforUniversityExample.txt
Step 5.1. Highlight and copy the CREATE TABLE commands (one at a
time) and paste them into SQL*Plus at the SQL> prompt.
You should see the message: Table Created after each statement is executed.
Show your work – screenshots
Step 5.2. Now insert the records into your tables. To do this, copy each
INSERT command (one at a time) and paste them into SQL*Plus at
SQL> prompt.
You should see the message: 1 row created after each statement is executed.
Chapter 5: Individual Laboratory Exercises Assignment (Con’t)
Step 5.3. Design SQL queries for the following questions:

Step 5.3a. Find the names of all History majors.
Step 5.3b. Find the class number, schedule, and room for all classes
that Smith of the History department teaches.
Step 5.3c. Find the names of all students who have fewer than average
number of credits.
Step 5.3d. Find the names of all the teachers that Ann Chin has, along
with all her classes and midterm grades from each
Step 5.3e. For each student, find the number of classes he or she is
enrolled in. Limit the results to only students who are enrolled.
Chapter 5: Individual Laboratory Exercises Assignment (Con’t)
5.4. Execute the five queries in the database and show the results.
Chapter 5 Team Assignment
For the relational schema you developed at the end of Chapter 4 for
the team project, carry out the following steps to implement the
design using Oracle:
Step 5.1 - Update the data dictionary and list of assumptions as

needed. For each table, write the table name and write out the
names, data types, and sizes of all the data items, nullity, and
identify any constraints, using the conventions of the DBMS you will
use for implementation.
Chapter 5 Team Assignment (Con’t)
Example:
TABLE: Student
Attribute Data Type Length Nullity Constraint
stuId VARCHAR2 6 NOT NULL Primary
Key
lastName VARCHAR2 20 NOT NULL
firstName VARCHAR2 20 NOT NULL
major VARCHAR2 10
credits NUMBER 3 DEFAULT 0
>=0 <150
Step 5.2 - Write and execute SQL statements to create all tables needed to
implement the design.
Create Oracle DDL statements from Step 5.1 and create your tables and
primary keys in the Oracle database.
Show your work - screenshots.
Step 5.3 – Write and execute SQL statements to create indexes for foreign
keys and for any other columns as needed
Create Oracle DDL statements from Step 5.1 and issue your foreign key
constraint statements in the Oracle database.
Note: you may combine Step 5.2 and 5.3 and issue your foreign
constraints as part of the create table statement.
Step 5.4 - Write and execute SQL statements to insert at least five records
in each table, preserving all constraints.
Create five INSERT statements for each table and execute each insert
statement in the Oracle database.
Step 5.5 - Write and execute SQL statements that will process five non-
routine requests for information from the database just created.
Come up with 5 questions and create SQL Statements to satisfy each question.
Note: Make sure to ask 5 different questions so you have 5 different sql
statements.
Step 5.6 - Write and execute SQL statements to create at least one trigger.
Step 5.7 - Write and execute SQL statements to demonstrate that the
trigger is working as expected.
To demonstrate that the trigger is working as expected, provide a screenshot of
the data before and after the trigger is executed.

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CS – Database Management Systems

 Note on Individual Assignments / Plagiarism

History of Relational DBMS and SQL

 Relational databases first proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970

 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International

 Data Definition Language (DDL) is the syntax to define the

 Data Manipulation Language (DML) is the syntax used to process

 Authorization Language is the syntax used to grant privileges to

Examples of DDL statements

CREATE TABLE is used to create table.

DROP TABLE is used to drop table.

CREATE INDEX is used to create an index.

University Sample Database Table DDL

CREATE TABLE Faculty (

University Sample Database Table DDL (Con’t)

CREATE TABLE Enroll (

University Sample Database

Student Table Faculty Table

SQL> ALTER TABLE <table_name>

SQL> ALTER TABLE <table_name>

SQL> ALTER TABLE <table_name>

ALTER TABLE (Con’t)

Example to add primary key, foreign key, check constraint:

SQL> ALTER TABLE CLASS

SQL> ALTER TABLE STUDENT

ALTER TABLE (Con’t)

Example to drop constraint and rename, drop table:

SQL> ALTER TABLE <table_name

SQL> RENAME <old_table_name>

SQL> DROP TABLE <table_name>;

Order is ascending - ASC (default) – or you can create in descending

Unique specification enforces unique value for indexed columns or

Note: unique index for primary key is automatically created.

CREATE USER: this privilege creates user.

ALTER USER: this privilege is used for authentication or database

GRANT CONNECT: Usually when creating a user, you need to GRANT

GRANT RESOURCE would allow user to create objects in his/her

CREATE VIEW: is a virtual table formed by a query.

CREATE VIEW (Con’t)

Example of creating a student_new view (limiting number of attributes and

CREATE VIEW (Con’t)

SQL> desc student_new

Examples of DDL statements (Con’t)

ALTER TABLE: is used to add, modify, drop columns in a table.

SQL> ALTER TABLE <table_name>

SQL> ALTER TABLE <table_name>

SQL> ALTER TABLE <table_name>

Find the name of all students:

Select all the attributes:

Select a list of majors that students are taking (no duplicates)

Describe Student table:

Insert row into the student table:

Delete all of the rows from the student table:

SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE student;

Note: Difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE

Describe Student table:

Change Tom Smith’s major from History to Math:

Find the name of all students that are majoring in Math:

WHERE Clause (Con’t)

WHERE Clause (Con’t)

Delete the students that major in History:

Find the name of all students in alphabetical order:

Find the name of all students in descending order:

Select a list of majors that students are taking (no duplicates)