SOLUTION

Part-1
• Solution :
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. solution may exist in any phase. A
solution consists of a solute and a solvent.
Solution = Solvent + Solute
• Solute:
A solute is defined as the substance that is dissolved in a solution. For solutions of fluids, the solvent is
present in greater amount than the solute.

• Solvent:
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute , resulting a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but
can also be a solid, a gas.
• Characteristics of Solution:
• 1) A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
• 2) The particles of solute in a solution cannot be seen by the naked eye.
• 3) A solution does not allow beams of light to scatter.
• 4) A solution is stable.
• 5) The solute from a solution cannot be separated by filtration (or mechanically).
6) It is composed of only one phase.
• Classification of Solution based on the physical states of the component :
• Methods of Expressing Concentration of
Solutions of Solid in liquid :
1) Percentage strength
2) Normality
3) Molarity
4) Molality
5) Mole fraction
6) ppm
 1) Percentage strength
the percentage strength is the number of grams of solute in 100 mL of
Solution.
Percentage strength is generally expressed by three different ways
a) (w/w) unit = (weight of solute/weight of Solution)×100
b) (w/V) unit = (weight of solute/volume of Solution)×100
c) (V/V) unit = (volume of solute/volume of Solution) ×100
 2) Normality:
normality is described as the number of gram-equivalents of solute present in one
litre of a solution. It is denoted by the symbol N.
Let, the volume of a solution = V ml
amount of solute = w g
g-eqv. Weight of the solute = E
g-eqv. Number = (w/E)
V ml of solution contains (w/E) g-eqv number of solute.
1000 ml - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1000w/EV) g-eqv no. of solute.
Normality = (1000w/EV)
Unit: g-eqv. L-1
• Problem to use normality unit:
I) Normality unit depends on the type of chemical reaction
involved between the solute and solvent molecule.
II) Normality depends on temperature of the solution.
Amount of solute Normality Name of the solution
1 g-equiv (N) Normal solution
2 g-equiv 2(N) Bi normal
½ g-equiv (N/5) Semi normal
1/10 g-equiv (N/10) Deci normal
1/100 g-equiv (N/100) Centinormal
 3) Molarity:
Molarity is described as the number of mole of solute present in one litre of a
solution. It is denoted by the symbol M.
Let, the volume of a solution = V ml
amount of solute = w g
Molecular Weight of the solute = M
Number of moles= (w/M)
V ml of solution contains (w/M) number of moles of solute.
1000 ml - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1000w/MV) moles of solute.
Molarity = (1000w/MV)
Unit: mol. L -1
• Problem to use Molarity unit :
• I) Molarity unit depends on the type of chemical reaction involved
between the solute and solvent molecule.
II) Molarity depends on temperature of the solution.
Amount of solute Molarity Name of the solution
1 mole (M) Molar solution
2 mole 2(M) Bi molar
½ mole (M/5) Semi molar
1/10 mole (M/10) Deci molar
1/100 mole (M/100) Centimolar
 4) Molality:
Molality is described as the number of mole of solute present in 1000g of solvent. It
is denoted by the symbol m.
Let, the mass of a solution = w1 g
mass of solute =w2g
amount of solvent = (w1 – w2) g
Molecular Weight of the solute = M
Number of moles of solute = (w2/M)
(w1-w2) g solvent contains (w2/M) mole of solute
1000 g-------------------------{1000w2/(w1-w2) M} mole of solute

Molality = {1000w /(w -w )M}

• Difference between Molarity and Molality
Molarity Molality
1) Number of moles 1) Number of moles
of solute present in of solute present in
1000 ml of a solution 1000g of solvent is
is called Molarity. called Molality.

2) It is temperature 2) It is temperature
dependent. independent.
 5) Mole fraction:
The mole fraction or molar fraction is defined as the number of mole of a
onstituent(nᵢ) divided by the total number of moles of all constituents in a mixture(nt).
 6) ppm:
Parts per million (ppm) is the number of units of mass of a contaminant per million units
of total mass.
• Solubility:
At constant temperature and pressure, the maximum amount of solute
present in fixed amount of solvent to make it homogeneous is called its solubility.
• Solubility of Gaseous substances in liquid :
Solubility of gases in liquid depends on the following parameters
1) Nature of the gas:
The gases which are easy to liquefy, has generally high solubility.
e. g. – SO2, HCl, CO2 etc.
The gases which are not easy to liquefy generally has low solubility.
e. g. – H2, O2, N2, He etc.
 2) Temperature:
Dissolution of a gas in liquid is an exothermic process. According to Le-chatelier’s
principle, with rise in temperature solubility of a gaseous substance decreases.
3) Pressure:
At constant temperature, solubility of a gaseous substance increase with rise in pressure.
* Henry’s Law :
At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type
and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium
with that liquid.
If “p” be the partial pressure of a gas
x = mol fraction of the gas
according to Henry’s Law, p=KHx
• Validity of Henry’s Law:
1)Henry’s Law is only applicable for dilute solution. If the concentration of the
gaseous substances are very high then Henry’s Law is not applicable properly.
2) If the gaseous solute are associated or dissociated in liquid phase, then
Henry’s Law is not applicable.
3) If the gaseous substances are taking part in chemical reaction with solvent,
then Henry’s Law is not applicable.
4) If the temperature of the system is very high and the pressure is very low
then Henry’s Law is not applicable.
• Types of Solid solutions :
1) Substitutional Solid Solution: 2) Interstitial solid solution :
Brass(Cu-Zn), Bronze(Cu-Sn) WC, Steel (Fe-C)
• Vapour pressure of Liquid:
Vapour pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapour when the vapour is in
equilibrium with the liquid at constant temperature.
Factors affecting the Vapour pressure:
1) Nature of the liquid :
The liquids at which theintermolecular force of attraction is very high has less
tendency to convert into gaseous state and hence vapour pressure is very low. e. g. – the order of
intermolecular force of attraction is ether < alcohol < water and hence the order of vapour
pressure Ether > Alcohol > Water.
2) Temperature:
With rise in temperature vapour pressure increase gradually as the amount of
vapour increase.
3) Surface area:
With increasing surface area amount of vapour increase and vapour pressure also
increase.
• Vapour pressure of Solution formed by liquid solvent and
non volatile solid solute:
The vapour pressure of Solution is always less than that of pure solvent because
of the less surface area in case of solution available for evaporation and more
interaction between solute and solvent molecule.
• Answer the following questions:
1) Differentiate between Molarity and Molality.
2) Why is the Vapour pressure of pure solvent always higher than
the Vapour pressure of Solution?
3) What is the problem to use normality unit in laboratory?
4) What is the effect oftemperature on the solubility of Gaseous
substances in liquid?
5) Write Henry’s Law .