PENYAKIT TROPIK

DAN KONDISI
TERKINI
Penyakit tropis?
◦ Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and sub tropical regions. 
◦ The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season,
which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation
◦ Insects such as mosquitoes and flies are by far the most common disease carrier, or vector.
◦ These insects may carry a parasite, bacterium or virus that is infectious to humans and animals. Most
often disease is transmitted by an insect "bite", which causes transmission of the infectious agent through
subcutaneous blood exchange.
◦ Human exploration of tropical rainforests, deforestation, rising immigration and increased international
air travel and other tourism to tropical regions has led to an increased incidence of such diseases
◦ Malaria,
◦ Leishmaniasis,
◦ Schistosomiasis,
◦ Onchocerciasis,
◦ Lymphatic filariasis,
◦ Chagas disease,
◦ African trypanosomiasis,
◦ Dengue.
Risk Factors
◦ Hot climate present during all the year and the larger volume of rains directly affect the formation of
breeding grounds, the larger number and variety of natural reservoirs and animal diseases that can be
transmitted to humans (zoonosis), the largest number of possible insect vectors of diseases.
◦ It is possible also that higher temperatures may favor the replication of pathogenic agents both inside and
outside biological organisms.
◦ Socio-economic factors may be also in operation, since most of the poorest nations of the world are in
the tropics.
◦ Tropical countries which have improved their socio-economic situation and invested in hygiene, public
health and the combat of transmissible diseases have achieved dramatic results in relation to the
elimination or decrease of many endemic tropical diseases in their territory
Vectors
◦ A vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or
another animal. Vectors are frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas and lice.
Vectors can transmit infectious diseases either actively or passively

◦ Biological vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks may carry pathogens that can multiply within their
bodies and be delivered to new hosts, usually by biting.
◦ Mechanical vectors, such as flies can pick up infectious agents on the outside of their bodies and
transmit them through physical contact.
Vectors can be introduced to new geographic areas for example by:

◦ travel of humans and international trade;

◦ animal movement, for instance of livestock;
◦ migratory birds;
◦ changing agricultural practices;
◦ or the wind.
Dengue Map
Malaria Map
 Chikungunya Map

Indonesia: According to media sources quoting health authorities, 17 cases have been reported in Depok, West Java
in April 2019. 
Lymphatic Filariasis
Some of the strategies for controlling tropical diseases include:

◦ Draining wetlands to reduce populations of insects and other vectors, or introducing natural predators of

the vectors.
◦ The application of insecticides and/or insect repellents) to strategic surfaces such as clothing, skin,
buildings, insect habitats, and bed nets.
◦ The use of a mosquito net over a bed (also known as a "bed net") to reduce nighttime transmission, since
certain species of tropical mosquitoes feed mainly at night.
◦ Use of water wells, and/or water filtration, water filters, or water treatment with water tablets to produce
drinking water free of parasites.
◦ Sanitation to prevent transmission through human waste.
◦ In situations where vectors (such as mosquitoes) have become more numerous as a result of human activity,
a careful investigation can provide clues: for example, open dumps can contain stagnant water that
encourage disease vectors to breed. Eliminating these dumps can address the problem. An education
campaign can yield significant benefits at low cost.
◦ Development and use of vaccines to promote disease immunity.