MyanmarTechnology Gateway Co., Ltd.

COMPUTER AND
NETWORKING BASIC
MTG
 INTRODUCTION
Computer is an electronic device that stores,
retrieves and process data, and can be
programmed with instruction.

The five main units of computer system

• Input unit
• Output unit
• Memory unit
• Control unit
• Arithmetic and Logical unit

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INPUT UNIT

The input unit of a computer refers to the

input device, which is the hardware used to
receive data from humans. Input devices
convert data by humans into a form that is
understandable by computers. 
• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Microphone
• Scanner

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OUTPUT UNIT

The output is how the computer presents the

results of the process. Outputs can be returned
to the user in many ways such as text on a
screen, printed materials, or as sound from a
speaker.
• Monitor
• Speaker
• Printer

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MEMORY UNIT

It is used to store data, instructions and

information. It is also known as a
principal/primary/internal memory. There are
two types of memory.
• RAM
• ROM

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CONTROL UNIT

A control unit, or CU, is circuitry within a

computer's processor that directs operations. It
instructs the memory, logic unit, and both
output and input devices of the computer on
how to respond to the program's instructions.

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ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT

The control unit tells the ALU what operation

to perform on that data and the ALU stores
the result in an output register. The control
unit moves the data between these registers,
the ALU, and memory.

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MAIN PARTS OF COMPUTER

Motherboard
CPU
GPU
Memory
Storage

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CPU

The CPU is the brain of a computer, it

takes input, translates it into binary,
performs basic functions, and sends the
data to the correct output devices. It
performs functions including arithmatic,
logic, and cache memory.

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MEMORY

RAM – Random Access Memory

- The main “working” memory
- Data stored in RAM are volatile
- CPU uses this memory to perform the
tasks
- RAM only holds the data you need for
the apps and files that are currently open

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MEMORY

ROM – Read Only Memory

- ROM is a special type of memory chip
that holds software that can be read but
not written to
- It is non-volatile memory type that
receives data and permanently writes it
on a chip
- A good example is ROM-BIOS chip,
which contain read-only software
- Some network card and video card
contain ROM chip

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MEMORY

How computer memory is measured

- Bit
- All computers work on a binary system. i.e., 0 and 1
- Byte
- A byte consists of 8 bits
- Kilo Byte (KB)
- A kilobyte consists of 1024 bytes
- Mega Byte (MB)
- A megabyte consists of 1024 kilobytes
- Giga Byte (GB)
- A gigabyte consists of 1024 megabytes
- Terabyte, Petabyte, Exabyte, Zettabyte and so on

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SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

There are three types of software

- System (operating system) software
- Device drivers
- Application software

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OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE

• Operating system is a special type of program that

loads automatically when you start computer.
• That allows to use the features of computer without
having to learn all details how the hardware works
• Make the computer easy to use without having to
understand bits and bytes

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DEVICE DRIVER

• The device driver software sits between the hardware

device and the operating system.
• This allows generic instructions from software
applications to be turned into specific instructions for
that particular hardware device.
• Without the correct driver, a hardware component
may not work correctly, or even at all.

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE

• An application software is the type of program that can be used

once the operating system has been loaded
• Examples of application software are MS Office, Photoshop

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COMPUTER VIRUS

• Virus are small programs that hide themselves on the

computer storage
• That reproduces its own code by attaching itself to
other executable files
• The virus code is execute when the infected file is
executed
• It can change codes in its copies to avoid detection by
anti-virus software

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HOW DO VIRUS INFECT PC

• Viruses hide on a disk and when you access disk, the virus program
will start and infect the computer
• They can spread from one computer to another, either via use of
infected USB or over a network computer, including the Internet

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HOW TO PREVENT THE VIRUS DAMAGE

• Don’t open email attachments or click on hyperlinks

from unknown senders.
• Exercise caution when downloading files from the
Internet. Only download from trusted sources.
• New viruses are always being created so it is best to
have an anti-virus program that
automatically downloads updates.

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VALUE OF BACKUP

• The Most important thing that you store on the

computer is information.
• The contents of a heard disk can represent years of
work.
• If the hard disk stops one day, you could lose all
those years of work.
• For this reason, it is VITAL that you take regular
backups of the information that is stored on
computer.
• Complete and incremental backups
• Use off-site storage
• Use passwords
• mtgrepo’s gists (github.com)

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EMAIL PROTOCOLS
SMTP
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
which use to send email to another server
natively doesn’t come with Encryption. But
now a day, user can configure the SSL
connection (Secure Sockets Layers) or
STARTTLS to encrypt their mail sending.
Port 25 - this is the default SMTP non-
encrypted port
Port 465 - SSL Encryption port
Port 587 - STARTTLS Encryption port
POP3
POP3 – the protocol which use to download
the email from server. Which widely use with
Outlook, Thunderbird and other email client.
Enabled encryption with SSL/TLS to ensure
your email are encrypted across the network.
Port 110 - this is the default POP3 non-
encrypted port
Port 995 - this is the port you need to use if
you want to connect using POP3 securely
IMAP
The Internet Message Access Protocol
(IMAP) is a mail protocol used for accessing
email on a remote web server from a local
client.
Port 143 - this is the default IMAP non-
encrypted port
Port 993 - this is the port you need to use if
you want to connect using IMAP securely
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EMAIL CLIENTS
There are two different types of mail clients

Web mail client Mobile/Desktop mail client

Rainloop MS Outlook
Roundcube Thunderbird
Zimbra – integrated with mail server Apple mail client
Atmail – integrated with mail server IBM Domino – integrated with mail server

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BASIC OF NETWORKING

Components
• Hosts – PC, smartphones
• Routers & Switches
• Links – wired, wireless
• Protocols – TCP/IP
• Applications – http, ftp, smtp

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THE USES OF NETWORK

• Data
• Shared files stored on server
• Software
• License servers
• API/Application server
• Shared peripheral device
• Printers and Faxes

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NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

• The design of computers, devices, and media

on a network is sometimes called the
network architecture.
• Network types:
• LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN
• Network categories:
• Client/server network
• Peer-to-peer network

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TYPES OF NETWORK

• Local Area Network (LAN)

• Contains in one office or building
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Uses public leased line
• More than one LAN
• The Internet
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Large network that connects different organizations
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Very small network
• E.g., connection phone and PC

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CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK

• computer networks that use a dedicated computer

(server) to store data, manage/provide resources
and control user access.
• Data storage, hosting web applications, email
services, monitoring network traffic
• More secure than peer-to-peer networks, faster
performance as each computer is only fulfilling
one role
• Server can be expensive, a network technician is
required

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PEER-TO-PEER

• Each computer has equal capabilities

• Torrent (file sharing)
• TOR (anonymous internet browsing)
• Crypto block chain (decentralized transaction ledger)

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NETWORK TOPOLOGY

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NETWORK TOPOLOGY

BUS
• One wire connects all nodes
• Terminator ends of the wires
• Small amount of wire
• Slow, easy to crash

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NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Star
• All nodes connect to a hub
• Most common topology
• One cable can not crash network
• One hub crashing downs entire network

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NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Ring
• Nodes connected in a circle
• Tokens used to transmit data
• No data collisions
• Slow

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NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Mesh
• All computers connected together
• Internet is a mesh network
• Data will always be delivered
• Hard to setup

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NETWORK MEDIA

Wire
• Twisted pair (Cat5, Cat6) - Speed 1Mbps to 1000Mbps, 10Gbps
• Coaxial cable - Speed up to 10 Mbps
• Fiber-optic cable - Speed up to 100 Gbps
Wireless
• Radio wave – LAN (wifi)
• Microwave – WAN

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NETWORK MEDIA

Network Hardware
• Network interface cards
• Connects node to the media
• Switches
• Connects the nodes in the same LAN
• Router
• Connects two or more LANs together

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NETWORK PROTOCOLS

TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
• Transports data on the Internet
• Machines assigned a name of 4 numbers
• IP address: 103.47.185.129
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• Simplifies assignment of IP addresses

IPX/SPX
• Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange
• Transports data on a Novell NetWare network
• Older protocol
• Replaced by TCP/IP

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INTERNET APPLICATION PROTOCOLS

FTP – File Transfer Protocol

SMTP – Sample Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol
HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
NTP – Network Time Protocol
IMAP – Internet Message Access Protocol
ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol

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CLOUD SERVERS, HOSTING, VPS

• What are web hosting, cloud, VPS?

• They are the place or a computer to store and serve your
application to the Internet.
• Since they are the computer,
• They composed of CPU, RAM, Storage, Internet link and a
public IP address to be able to access from anywhere via
Internet.
• Application software can be installable as the respective OS.
• Although they are computer, they are not physical server.
The physical machines are virtualized/containerized into
the VM.

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THANK YOU

MTG