Chapter 5 It

CHAPTER 5
COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND

SYSTEM
Ninia C. Pauig-Lumauan, MBA, CPA
1st Semester 2022-2023
Lyceum of Aparri
IT Application Tools In Business

THE OPERATING SYSTEM
• Instructions, rules and directions help you
learn how to do things. Like you, the computer
needs instructions, too. This set of
instructions is called an operating system.
• The operating system controls the different
parts of your computer. It tells the parts of the
computers what to do. It makes all the parts
work together.
• Without an operating system, your computer
will not be able to work.
THE OPERATING SYSTEM

MICROSOFT WINDOWS
• Microsoft Corporation developed an
operating system called WINDOWS. Microsoft
Windows starts and operates programs in the
computer.
• Programs let you write letters and draw
pictures. They let you organize data and even
play games and hear music. You can open
programs by clicking on the small pictures on
the screen of your computer. These little
pictures are called icons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
• A computer can be judged by various
factors, among them are:
1. Speed
2. Reliability
3. Accuracy
4. Storage Evaluation Criteria

• SPEED
Computers provide the processing speed
essential to our fast pace society. The quick
service we have come to respect for bank
withdrawals, telephone calls, travel
reservations to name a few – is made possible
by computers. Businesses depend on the
speedy processing computers to handle high
volume activities such as balancing ledgers
and designing products.
• SPEED
The smallest unit of time in the human
experience is, realistically, the second.
Computer operations – for example, the
execution of an instruction, such as
multiplying pay-rate with number of hours
worked are measured in milliseconds,
microseconds, nanoseconds and picoseconds
(one thousandth, one millionth, one billionth
and one trillionth of a second respectively).
• SPEED
Although all computers are fast, but there is a
wide diversity of computer speeds. The
execution of an instruction on a very slow
computer may be measured in less than a
millisecond. Most computer can execute an
instruction measured in microseconds range,
but still to be broken in the picosecond barrier.
1. A computer speed is generally expressed in
megahertz (MHz), millions of machine cycles
per second.
• SPEED
2. Another measure of computer speed is MIPS
(one million instructions per second). MIPS is
often a more accurate measure than clock speed,
because some computers can use each tick of the
clock more efficiently than others.
3. A third measure of speed is the megaflops
(MFLOPS) which stands for one million floating
point operations per second. It measures the
ability of the computer to perform complex
mathematical operations.
• RELIABILITY
Computers are extremely reliable. Where reliability
is the measurement of the performance of a
computer, measured against some predetermined
standard for operation without the failure of it.
Reliability of Computer = Serviceable Time_____
Serviceable Time + Down Time
where serviceable time is the total time during

which a computer is in a state where it can operate
normally, including time when the computer is idle,
but not the time when it is unattended.
• RELIABILITY
Down time is the time when a computer is
inoperable due to a machine fault.
Computer systems are particularly adept
at repetitive tasks. They do not take sick
leave and tea breaks and they seldom
complain. Anything below 99.9%
serviceable time, the time when the
computer system is in operation, is usually
unacceptable.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
• For some companies any down time is
unacceptable. These companies provide
back up computers that take over
automatically if the main computer fails.
• ACCURACY
Errors do occur in computer based
information systems, but precious few can
be directly attributed to the computer
system itself.
• The vast majority can be traced to a
program logic error, a procedural error, or
erroneous data. These are human errors.
• High accuracy implies small error but
accuracy is contrasted with precision, e.g.
Three places of decimals properly
computed are less precise but more
accurate than four places of decimals
containing an error.
• STORAGE EVALUATION CRITERIA
Computer systems can store tremendous
amounts of data, which can be located
and retrieved efficiently. A typical
mainframe computer system will have
many billions of characters stored and
available for instant recall.

High end PCs have access to about a billion
characters of data. Most of this data is stored
in Hard Disks which is fixed in the computer or
the data can be fed in with the help of various
storage devices like floppy disks, CD ROMs etc.
The storage capacity of disks depends on the
number of tracks per inch of the surface and
the bits per inch of track.

• So usually a big memory means a faster and more
useful computer.
A PC’s memory is made up of electronic
components in which the PC temporarily stores
data and instructions.
Technically any device that stores data or
instructions on the PC can be called memory,
including the hard disk, floppy disks, ROM, CMOS,
RAM and cache.
• Read only memory (ROM) cannot be
changed and has the added feature of
being non volatile, which means that it can
keep its contents even without power
source.
However, what is commonly referred to as
memory on the PC is its primary storage,
which is also known as systems memory,
temporary storage or RAM.
• With the exception of ROM, the other
forms of storage (hard disk, floppy disk,
CD-ROM and the like) are known as
secondary storage.

COMPUTER COMPONENTS
• The computer is physically divided into
three (3) parts, namely:
1. Monitor
2. Central Processing Unit
3. Keyboard

MONITOR
• This is an output device that allows you to
view information on its screen. The
monitor displays the result of the
different commands used.
• It usually displays a desktop upon opening
a computer. A desktop is the background
of the screen of a monitor where you can
see icons that stand for files or programs.

MONITOR
• The monitor shows the output of what
one is doing. The output that one sees
on the monitor is called SOFTCOPY.

PARTS OF THE MONITOR
1. Power Switch – lets one turn the
monitor on or off.
2. Power Cable – connects the monitor to
the back of the System Unit.
3. Video Cable – a cable that carries out
signals from the system Unit to the
monitor.

PARTS OF THE MONITOR
4. Monitor Stand – serves as the support
of the monitor.
5. Screen – where the result of the
processed information can be seen.
• Nowadays, scenic views are used as
screen savers in a monitor of a
computer, especially when the
computer is in use but is idle.

PROCESSING DEVICE
• Data entered in the computer are changed
into useful information using a Processing
Device. The processing takes place inside
the System Unit.
• The Central Processing Unit is found inside
the System Unit. It controls the whole
computer system.
• All other parts of the computer are
connected to the ports located at the back
of the System Unit.
SYSTEM UNIT
• The System Unit has two Parts:
1. External Parts – These parts are found
outside the System Unit.
2. Internal Parts – These parts are found
inside the System Unit
The casing protects the internal parts of
the system Unit.

EXTERNAL PARTS OF A SYSTEM UNIT

INTERNAL PARTS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT

1. Microprocessor – known as the CPU. It is the

brain of the computer.
2. Cards – acts as the interpreter between the
user and the computer. It translates the English
language to machine language.
3. Motherboard – where the processors, cards
and memory chips are placed.
4. Hard Disk – is a giant floppy disk that can store
a lot of information.
5. Power Supply – gives the system unit

power to process.
6. Fan – keeps the microprocessor inside
the system unit cool.
7. Speaker – produce internal sounds.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
• The Central Processing Unit is actually the

main brain of the computer system. It is here
that the whole processing takes place. The
complex procedure that transforms raw data
into useful information for output is called
processing. The CPU consists of four (4) main
units, namely:
1. Primary Storage
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit
3. Control Unit
4. Output Unit IT Application Tools In Business
• PRIMARY STORAGE UNIT
This is the main storage area, which is also
called the main memory area. Its main
functions are listed below:
1. Holding the data in its memory till it is
required to be processed.
2. Holding the result of the processed data.
3. Holding program instructions which are
required for processing.
INTERNAL MEMORY
• Computer Registers are temporary storage areas
for instructions or data. They are not part of a
memory rather they are special additional
storage locations that offers the advantage of
speed. Registers work under the direction of the
control unit to accept, hold, transfer instructions
or data and perform arithmetic or logical
comparisons at high speed.
• The number and type of registers in a CPU vary
according to the CPU’s design.
• The difference in processing power is due to
difference in register size.
MEMORY DEVICES
• The primary storage unit usually consists of
the following memory devices:
1. Instruction Interpreter
It is a group of electrical circuits of
instructions fetched from memory.
2. Location Counter
It is also called Program Counter (PC) or
(IC) and is a hardware memory device
that denotes the location of the current
instruction being executed.
MEMORY DEVICES
3. Instruction Register
A copy of the current instruction is
stored in the Instruction Register (IR).
4. Working Register and General Registers
The working register are memory devices
that serve as scratch pads for the
instruction interpreter, while the general
registers are used by the programmer as
locations and for special functions.
• ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
This is used for most of the logical processing,
for example, for calculations or comparisons.
The arithmetic operations like +, -, *, and / are
performed here. The logical operations like <,>,
=,<=, >= and <> are also performed here.
In most of the arithmetical operations the result
is in numerical form which in the case of logical
operations the result can be YES/NO or
TRUE/FALSE.
• CONTROL UNIT
This unit controls the flow of manipulation of
data and information. It also controls the flow
of data from input devices to memory and from
memory to output devices.
• OUTPUT UNIT
The output unit consists of the output devices
attached to the computer. These devices take
machine-coded output results from the
processor and convert them into a form that can
be understood by the user.
STORAGE DEVICES
• Computer Memory
The computer memory is one of the most
important parts of the computer. It can
remember a lot of information. There are
two types of computer memory:
1. Main Memory – it is the internal storage
that holds data and instructions that the
computer follows to do commands. This is
where all the important commands and
instructions are placed.
COMPUTER MEMORY
• Kinds of Main Memory:
A. RAM – Random Access Memory
It is also known as “temporary memory”. All the
information stored in the RAM will be erased when
one turns of the computer.
B. ROM – Read Only Memory
It is also known as “permanent memory”. It
contains important instructions and information
that the computer needs to perform its basic
operation. The information stored in ROM will not
be changed or erased when one turns off the
computer. IT Application Tools In Business
COMPUTER MEMORY
2. Secondary Memory – It supports the main

memory. It also stores data and information
for future use. Types of secondary disks are:
Disks – these are round and flat plates used
for saving and entering data during
processing.
a. Hard Disk – it acts as a giant floppy disk
inside the system unit. It has a bigger storage
capacity compared to a floppy disk.

COMPUTER MEMORY
b. Compact Disk – can be categorized into two
criteria: a re-writtable disk and non-writtable disk.
It is a mobile disk that you can carry it anywhere. It
is less expensive than the hard disk. It can store
more information than the floppy disk
c. Floppy Disk – is also known as soft disk. It is a
small, removable storage device. A floppy disk has
a round magnetic material inside. It is less
expensive than the hard disk and compact disk. It
has different parts to protect the disk that contains
information. It is also commonly known as diskette.

THE KEYBOARD
• The Keyboard is an input device. We can type
letters, numbers and symbols using the keyboard. It
looks like a typewriter but it has more keys. It is
made up of 101 or 104 keys that can perform
special work. Keyboarding is typing letters,
numbers and symbols on a computer.
• There are four (4) main parts of a keyboard:
1. Alphanumeric Keypad
2. Numeric Keypad
3. Cursor Keys
4. Function Keys
MAIN PARTS OF A KEYBOARD
1. ALPHANUMERIC KEYPAD
This part has letters A up to Z, number from 0
to 9 and symbols. You can also find some
special keys like Enter key, Shift Key, Caps Lock
Key, CTRL and ALT , Spacebar and Window Key.
This part of the keyboard allows you to type
and enter letters, number and special
symbols.

2. NUMERIC KEYPAD
This part is seen at the right side of the
keyboard. It looks like a calculator. It contains
number keys fro, zero to nine (0-9) and
mathematical symbols like the division sign (/),
multiplication sign (*), subtraction sign (-) and
addition sign (+). The numeric keypad is used
in the same way as a calculator.

3. ARROW KEYS
There are four keys together at the bottom right
side of your keyboard. This part has the arrows
pointing up, down, left, and right. It also has the
keys labeled Page Up, Page Down, Home, End,
Insert and Delete. Use these arrow keys to control
the movement of the cursor. The arrow keys are
also called the cursor keys. The cursor is the
blinking line that you see on your screen or
monitor. The cursor is also called the insertion
point.
4. FUNCTION KEYS
This part is found at the upper part of the
keyboard. These keys can do special work on
different programs. These keys are ESC, F1
up to F12 , Print, Screen, Scroll Lock, Pause or
Break. They are used to enter commands
quickly.

SPECIAL KEYBOARD KEYS
• Some keys found on the keyboard has a
special work. Just like the following keys
below:
1. ESC - means Escape Key and is used to exit
programs quickly. It also lets you stop
working on a part of a program and go back
to the beginning.
2. Caps Lock – Caps Lock Key is used to
capitalize all the letters that you will type in
the computer.
3. Shift Key – This is used to capitalize a letter.
Notice that each number on the alphanumeric
keypad contains a symbol above it. To type it,
hold down the Shift Key then press the key that
contains the symbol you want.
4. ALT and CTRL Keys – Alt and Control keys. These
are called combination keys. They only work
when used with other keys.
5. Spacebar Keys – This allows one to put spaces
between words or where spaces are needed and
is the longest key on the keyboard.
6. Enter Key – This tells the computer to do the
given commands. It also allows you to move
down the next line when you are typing words.
Pressing the enter key also gives you a blank line.
7. Backspace Key – This erases the letter on the left
side of the cursor one at a time.
8. Delete Key – This erases the letter or number on
the right side of the cursor one at a time.
9. Window Key – this activates the Start menu
button on the desktop.

THE MOUSE
• The mouse is a box-like input device. Moving

the mouse moves the mouse pointer on the
monitor or screen.

PARTS OF THE MOUSE
1. Mouse Buttons – A common mouse has 2 or 3
buttons.
2. Long Wire – This is attached to the System
Unit. This is where the signals flow to send
commands from the mouse to the system unit.
3. Track Ball – The ball inside the mouse. It
allows the mouse pointer to move around the
monitor.
4. Palm Rest – It is where the palm is placed.

FUNCTIONS OF THE MOUSE
• Pointing – moving the mouse pointer over an object
on the screen.
• Clicking – pressing the left mouse button once while
the mouse pointer is over an object.
• Double Clicking – pressing left mouse button twice
and fast.
• Dragging – pressing the left mouse button without
releasing it and moving an object from one place to
another on the screen.
• Right Clicking – pressing the right mouse button while
the pointer is over an object.
THE PRINTER
• It is a device that prints images or pictures
created in the computer on paper. The
printed output from the printer is called
HARDCOPY. The kinds of printer are:
1. Dot Matrix Printer - uses ink from a ribbon
to print lines and characters. The output is
made up of tiny dots. These dots are called
PIXELS. This printer makes much sound
when printing and produces a low quality
output.
KINDS OF PRINTER
2. Ink Jet Printer – uses air to spray ink on

paper to produce images and gives a
good quality output.
3. Laser Printer – uses laser heat to make
the powder stick on the paper to print
images. It produces a high quality
output and it is the most expensive
printer.

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CHAPTER 5

COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

where serviceable time is the total time during

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

1. Microprocessor – known as the CPU. It is the

5. Power Supply – gives the system unit

IT Application Tools In Business

• The Central Processing Unit is actually the

2. Secondary Memory – It supports the main

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

• The mouse is a box-like input device. Moving

IT Application Tools In Business

IT Application Tools In Business

2. Ink Jet Printer – uses air to spray ink on

IT Application Tools In Business

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