Nursing Lecture Blood Physiology

The Rawalpindi Medical University
1st year BS Nursing, Batch 2023

Large Group Interactive Session (LGIS)
Physiology of Blood
Usman Date:-15th August 2023

Table of Contents
Sr # Content Slide #
1 Motto, Vision 4
2 Professor Umar Model of Integrated Lecture 5
3 Bloom’s Taxonomy (Domains of learning) 6
4 Diagrammatic Representation of Blooms Taxonomy 7
5 Learning Objectives 8
6 Horizontal Integration 9-13
7 Core Concept 14 – 36
8 Vertical Integration 37-40
9 Biomedical Ethics (lesson of the day) 41-42
10 Brainstorming (SEQ/MCQs relevant with lecture) 43-47
11 Suggested Research Article 48
12 Promoting IT and research culture(Digital Library) 49
13 References of this lecture 50
Motto Vision; The

Dream/Tomorrow
• To impart evidence based
research oriented medical
education
• To provide best possible
Truth
patient care
Wisdom • To inculcate the values of
mutual respect and ethical
practice of medicine
Professor Umar Model of Integrated Lecture
20%
HORIZONTAL
60%
INTEGRATION
CORE SUBJECT
Physiology
biochemistry
7% 8%
VERTICAL VERTICAL
INTEGRATION INTEGRATION
Clinical Pathology
integration pharmacology
5%
VERTICAL
INTEGRATION
Research,
professionalism
Ethics
Digital library
5
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY : DOMAINS OF LEARNING

Sr. # Domain of Abbreviation Levels of Meaning
learning the domain
1 cognition C C1 Recall / Remembering

2 C2 Understanding
3 C3 Applying / Problem solving
4 Psychomotor P P1 Imitation / copying
5 P2 Manipulation / Follows instructions
6 P3 Precision / Can perform accurately
7 Attitude A A1 Receiving / Learning
8 A2 Respond / Starts responding to the
learned attitude
9 A3 Valuing / starts behaving according to the
learned attitude
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY OF THE

COGNITIVE DOMAIN
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Sr. # Learning Objective Domain of
Learning
1 To illustrate the structure of skeletal muscle. C3
2 To describe the functions of blood and its components C2
3 To understand the concept of hematopoiesis and Sites of C1

hematopoiesis.
4 To identify and describe the Bone Marrow microenvironment. C2
And Hematopoietic stem/Progenitor cells.
5 To apply the knowledge of regulation of hematopoiesis C3
to practical scenarios:
Horizontal integration The Rawalpindi Medical University
Horizontal integration
(With Anatomy/Histology)
Horizontal
Integration with
Biochemistry
Horizontal
Integration with
Biochemistry
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) Binding by
Hemoglobin
Horizontal
Integration with
Anatomy/Histology
Horizontal Integration
with
Anatomy/Histology
Core concept The Rawalpindi Medical University
Core concept
The Characteristics of Blood

• Viscous (thicker) and sticky
• Temperature: 100.4°F (38°C)
• pH: 7.35-7.45 (Slightly alkaline)
• Colour: Varies with oxygen content

- With O2 bright red
- Less O2 dark red
• Volume:
Adult male: 5-6 L
Adult female: 4 – 5 L
Core
Concept
Functions of Blood
1. Transportation:
Lungs --> O2 --> Body cells
Body cells --> CO2 --> Lungs
GI Tract --> Nutrients --> Body cells
Endocrine glands --> Hormones --> Body cells
Blood also transports heat and gathers waste products from various organs
for elimination from the body
Core
Concept
2. Regulation:
 Circulating blood helps maintain homeostasis of all body fluids
 Blood helps in maintaining the pH
 Blood helps in adjusting the body temperatures like water.
 Blood osmotic pressure influences water contents of cells and

interaction of ions & proteins.
Core
Concept
3. Protection
 Blood clotting protects from excessive bleeding.
 WBCs protects against infection
 Blood proteins, including antibodies, interferons and

complement help protect from diseases
Core
Concept
Blood plasma : A straw coloured fluid

Blood plasma is made up of:
• Albumin (54%)
Proteins (7%) • Globulins (38%)
• Fibrinogen (7%)
• Other proteins (1%)
Water (91.5%)
Other Solute (1.5%) • Electrolytes

• Nutrients
• Gases
• Regulatory substances
• Waste products
Core
Concept
Formed Elements
• It consists of:
PLATELETS
1,50,000 – 4,00,000 Granulocytes
• Neutrophils (60-70%)
• Eosinophils (2-4%)
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs)
5000- 10,000
• Basophils (0.5- 1%)
Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes (20-25%)
• Monocytes (3-8%)
RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)

4.8 – 5.8 million
number per µL
Core
Concept
Core
Concept
Hematocrit
• The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called
the hematocrit.
• If hematocrit is 40, it indicates 40% of the volume of blood is

composed of RBCs.
• Normal range
- Adult Female: 38-46%
- Adult Male: 40 – 54%
Core
Concept
Formation of Blood Cells

• The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called
hemopoiesis or haematopoiesis
Kindly click on the link for the video about hemopoiesis:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cm8IK24RRvA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXolwWiaFpM
Core
Concept
RED BLOOD CELLS
(Erythrocytes)
• These blood cells contain the oxygen carrying protein
hemoglobin, which is a pigment that gives whole blood its
red color.
• Shape: Biconcave discs

• Diameter: 7-8 µm
• RBCs have NO NUCLEUS
• The cytosol of RBCs contains hemoglobin
molecules
• Life span: 100 – 120 days (80 -90 days in
infants)
Core
Concept
RBC Physiology
• Highly specialized for their oxygen transport function.
• Due to no nucleus, lot of internal space is available for oxygen

transportation.
• RBCs don’t have mitochondria and generate ATP anaerobically (without

oxygen)
• The biconcave disc shape also increases the surface area for diffusion of
gas molecules into and out of RBC
• Each RBC contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules.

Core
Concept Hemoglobin (Hb)
It is the iron-containing protein in the blood.
Normal Hb value: 13 to 17gm/dl (male)

12 to 15 gm/dl (Female)
Structure:
Hb molecule consists of a protein called

globin.
Core
Concept Hemoglobin (Hb)
Hb has four polypeptide chains ( 2 alpha and
2 beta chains)
The four chains are bound by a non-protein

pigment called heme.
Each heme ring has an iron ion (Fe2+)
Iron ion combines with an Oxygen molecule

Core
Concept
Core
Concept
RED BLOOD CELL (Erythrocyte)
Hemoglobin (Protein)
2 Alpha Chain
Structure
Four Polypeptide Chain
of RBC
2 Beta Chain
Four Heme pigment
Four Oxygen molecule

Core
Concept
• Heme – Oxygen molecule bond is reversible
• As blood flows through tissue capillaries Iron- Oxygen reaction reverses
• Oxygen is released first into interstitial space and then cells.
• Hemoglobin also transports 23% of the total carbon dioxide from metabolism.
Blood flowing through tissue capillaries pick up carbon dioxide, some of which
combines with amino acid in the globin chain.
As blood flows through lungs the carbon dioxide is released from hemoglobin
and then exhaled.
Core
Concept
• Hemoglobin also plays a role in the regulation of blood flow and blood
pressure.
Gaseous hormone Nitric Oxide (NO) produced by endothelial cells that line blood
vessels binds to hemoglobin.
Under some circumstances Hb releases the NO, which causes vasodilation, which
is an increase in blood vessel diameter that occurs when the smooth muscles in
the vessel walls relaxes.
Vasodilation improves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery to cells near the
site of Nitric Oxide release
Core
Concept
• RBCs also contain the enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase (CA), which catalyses the
conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid, which in turns
dissociates into H+ and HCO3 - .
CA
CO2 + H2o H2CO3 H+
+ HCO3-
This reaction is important for two reasons:

1. It allows about 70% of CO2 to be transported in blood plasma from
tissue cells to the lungs in the form of HCO3-
2. It also serves as an important buffer in extracellular fluid.
(Buffer: It is a solution which resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it)
To be learned in detail with respiratory system

Core
Concept
RBC Life Cycle

• RBCs live for only about 120 days, due to the wear and tear they
undergo while passing through capillaries.
• Without nucleus and other organelles, RBCs cannot repair themselves.
• Damaged RBCs are removed from circulation and destroyed fixed

by phagocytic macrophages in the spleen and liver.
• The breakdown products are recycled and used in various

metabolic processes.
Core The Rawalpindi Medical University
Concept
Erythropoiesis and destruction/

recycling of RBCs
• Erythropoiesis: The production or formation of RBCs in the red bone marrow.
• Erythropoietin: Hormone that regulate RBCs production
• Removal of damaged RBCs take place in Spleen, Liver and Bone marrow
• Macrophages are specialized cells involved in phagocytosis of damaged or

old RBCs
Click on the link below for explanation:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cATQFej6oAc
Core
Concept
By: Armando Hasudungan

Core
Concept
Destruction and Recycling of

RBCs
Core
Concept
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
• White blood cells are also called Leukocytes
• WBCs have nuclei and a full complement of other organelles but they lack
hemoglobin.
• WBCs are classified into two:

i. Granular leukocytes or Granulocytes
ii. Agranular leukocytes or Agranulocytes
Core
Concept
Granular Leukocytes
• Staining with Leishman's stain makes it possible to easily identify different types
of leukocytes.
• Leukocytes with clearly visible granules with distinctive colouration that can be
recognized under a light microscope are granular leukocytes or granulocytes.
• Three type:
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
(Kindly note the granules)

Core
Concept Neutrophil
• The granules of neutrophil are smaller than those of other granulocytes.
• They are stained pale lilac.
• The nucleus have 2 to 5 lobes connected by thin strands.
• Granules consist of lysosomes with enzymes for phagocytosis.
• They are attracted to area with infection by chemicals called chemotaxins.
• Life span: Average 5 days
• Neutrophils count = 2500-8000 per mm3 (55-70%)
• Function: Small, fast and active scavengers

- Protect the body against bacterial infection.
- Remove dead cells and its remains.
Core
Concept Neutrophils under a
Microscope
Core
Concept
Eosinophil
• Consist of large uniform sized granules.
• They stain Red-orange with acidic dyes.
• Nucleus often has two lobes connected by thick strands of chromatin.
• Count: 30-500 per mm3 (2-4% of total WBCs)
• Function:
- Elimination of parasites like worms, using toxic chemicals stored in the granules.
- Accumulation of eosinophil occurs in allergic reactions (hypersensitivity).
Eosinophils helps in controlling inflammation. (e.g. Mosquito bite, asthma, skin
allergy)
Core
Concept
Eosinophil under a microscope
Core
Concept
Basophil
• Granules are round with various sizes.
• They stain blue-purple with basic dyes.
• Nucleus has two lobes
• Cytoplasmic granules are packed with heparin, histamine and other substances
that promote inflammation.
• Count: 0.5 - 1% of total WBCs.
• Functions
- Contains the anti-coagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting.
-They also contain histamines which are released during an allergic reaction
to enable inflammation
Core
Concept
Basophil under a microscope

Core
Concept
Agranular Leukocytes
• Even though they are called agranular, they have some amount of granules that
are not visible under a microscope.
• 20-50% of WBCs are agranulocytes.
• They are of two types:

Core
Concept
Lymphocyte (T-Cell, B-Cell, Natural Killer cell)

• The nucleus stains dark and is round or slightly divided.
• The cytoplasm stains sky blue
• The larger the cell more cytoplasm is visible.
• Two types according to cell diameter
- Small: 6-9 µm - Large: 10-14 µm
• Count: 20- 40% of all WBCs (1000 – 4800 in 1µl of blood)
Function:
- Mediate immune responses, antigen-antibody reactions.
- B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.
- T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells and transplanted tissues
- NK cells attack wide variety of infectious microbes
µ = micro
- Phagocytosis after developing into macrophages. mm = cubic meter
3
1µl = 1 mm3
Concept
Lymphocyte under microscope

Core
Concept
Monocyte
• Nucleus is usually kidney- shaped or horseshoe- shaped
• Cytoplasm is blue- grey and has a foamy appearance due to very fine
granules (lysosomes)
• Largest WBCs accounts for 100-700 per mm3 (2 – 8% of all leukocytes)
• Monocytes develop in macropahges
Functions
- Phagocytosis after transforming to macrophages
- Produces Interleukin 1 which:
+ acts on the hypothalamus causing increase in body
temperature during microbial infection.
+ Stimulate globulin production by the liver
+ Enhances the production of T- Lymphocytes
µ = micro
mm3= cubic meter
1µl = 1 mm3
Core
Concept
Monocyte under
microscope
Core
Concept The Reticuloendothelial system (The
Monocyte- macrophage system)
• Consist of the body’s complement of monocytes and macrophages
• Some macrophages are mobile and some are fixed.
• The macrophages provide effective defense at key body locations.
• The collection of fixed macrophages is shown in the figure in the next slide.
• Macrophages produce chemicals called cytokines, interleukin 1.
• Important role in specific and non-specific immune system.

Core
Concept The Reticuloendothelial system (The
Monocyte- macrophage system)
Core
Concept
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
• Irregular disc shaped cells
• 2 – 4 µm in diameter
• Does not have nucleus
• Cytoplasm is packed with granules containing substances which
help in clotting.
• Cessations or Ending of bleeding is called haemostasis.
• Normal count: 1,50,000 to 4,00,000 per mm3
• The hormone thrombopoietin from the liver stimulates platelet

production.
• Life span : 8 – 11 days (unused platelets destroyed by
macrophages in the spleen)
• About 1/3rd of platelets is stored in the spleen to be released incase to control
excessive bleeding
Core
Concept
Platelets under
microscope
Concept
Haemostasis : The stopping of blood

flow
• When a blood vessel is damaged, there will be loss of blood.
• This loss of blood is stopped and healing of the damaged vessel takes place
through stages.
• Platelets play an important role in hemostasis through coagulation or blood
clotting.
Stages of Haemostasis:
1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation (Blood clotting)
4. Fibrinolysis
Core
Concept
1. Vasoconstriction
Platelets come in contact with damaged blood vessel
Platelets become sticky and adhere to the damaged walls
Platelets release Serotonin

causes
Constriction (narrows) of blood vessel
Reduces or stopping blood flow

Core
Concept
2. Platelet plug formation

Adherent platelet clump together
releases
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and other substances
causes
Attraction of more platelets to the injured site
positive feedback
More platelets accumulate at site of vascular damage
within 6 minutes of injury
Forms a temporary seal (Platelet plug)
Core
Concept
3. Coagulation (Blood Clotting)
• This is a complex process that also involves a positive feed

back system.
• Coagulation is aided by 12 clotting factors.
• There are three pathways for coagulation

- Extrinsic pathway (activated within seconds)
- Intrinsic pathway (activated in 3 -6minutes)
- Common pathway (activated after Ext and Int pathway)
Core
Concept
CLOTTING FACTORS
Core
Concept
Thromboplastin released by Platelets adhere to

damaged tissue cells enters damaged blood vessel
the blood lining STAGES OF
BLOOD
Extrinsic Pathway Intrinsic Pathway CLOTTING
Prothrombin activator
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Loose fibrin threads
Stabilized fibrin clot

Core
Concept
SUMMARY OF CLOTTING PROCESS

Core
Concept 4. Fibrinolysis:
• The process of removing the clot and healing of the damaged blood vessel
begins.
• The breakdown of the clot is known as fibrinolysis
Damaged Endothelial cells

produce Activators that convert
Plasminogen Plasmin
causes
Breakdown of Fibrin
to
Soluble products Removed by Phagocytosis
Healing process begins

Core
Concept
Blood Groups
• The surface of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined collection of
antigens made up of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
• The presence or absence of various antigens, blood is categorized into different

groups.
• There are at least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens.
• The two major blood groups are

- ABO Blood group
- Rh Blood group
Core
Concept
ABO Blood Group

• It is based on two glycolipid antigen called A and B
• People whose RBCs have only antigen A have type A blood
• People having antigen B are type B blood
• People with both antigen A and B are type AB blood
• Who neither antigen A nor antigen B are type O blood
• Blood plasma usually contains antibodies called agglutinins that react with A or B
antigen if the two are mixed
Core
Concept
Core
Concept
Rh Blood Group
• It is due to the presence of Rh antigen called Rh factor.
• It was first found in the blood of Rhesus monkey.
• People whose RBCs have Rh antigen are Rh+ (Rh Positive)
• People whose RBCs lack Rh antigen are Rh- (Rh negative)

Core
Concept
Concept
Whom can
you donate
blood or
receive blood
from ?
Vertical Integration
with
Hematology/Oncology
Clinical Disorders Associated with Blood Physiology

with
Hematology/Oncology
ERYTHROCYTE
DISORDERS
with
Hematology/Oncology
Anaemias
• Anaemia is the inability of the blood to carry enough oxygen to meet body needs,
because of low levels of haemoglobin in the blood.
with
Hematology/Oncology
Nutritional deficiency
anaemia
• Iron deficiency anaemia
• Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia: Pernicious anaemia
• Folic acid deficiency anaemia

with
Hematology/Oncology
Other types
• Aplastic anemia:
This occurs when the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells, and
treatment may involve transfusions. Certain medicines, toxins, and infectious
diseases can cause aplastic anemia.
• Haemolytic anemia:
These occur when circulating erythrocytes are destroyed or are removed
prematurely from the blood because the cells are abnormal or the spleen is
overactive. The life span of RBCs is shortened considerably from 120 days.
with
Hematology/Oncology
Congenital Haemolytic Anaemias
• Sickle cell anaemia:
It is an inherited group of disorders, red blood cells change shape into a sickle shape.
The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anaemia) and
can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).
• Thalassaemia:
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen-carrying protein
(haemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal.
• Haemolytic disease of new born:

(HDN) is a blood disorder in newborn babies. It occurs when the new born’s red blood
cells break down at a fast rate. It's also called erythroblastosis fetalis. Hemolytic
means breaking down of red blood cells
with
Hematology/Oncology Acquired Haemolytic
Anaemias
• Chemical agent associated anaemias: e.g. sulphonamides, toxins by microbes,
chemicals at work places.
• Autoimmune anaemia:
It occurs when body make antibodies to their own red cell antigens, causing
haemolysis. e.g: Carcinoma, viral infection etc.
• Blood transfusion reaction anaemia.

When an individual receives blood transfusion carrying antigen different from their
own, the immune system will recognize them as foreign body, make antibodies and
destroy them
with
Hematology/Oncology
Polycythemia
• It is the abnormally large number of erythrocytes in the blood.
• There is abnormal increase in number of RBCs, more than normal
• This causes increased blood viscosity, slow blood flow and risk of intravascular
clotting, ischemia and infarction.
with
Hematology/Oncology
Leukocyte disorders
• Leukopenia: In this condition, the total blood leukocyte count is less that
4000/mm3
• Granulocytopenia (Neutropenia):
Abnormal reduction in number of circulating
granulocytes.
• Leukocytosis:
An increase in the number of circulating leukocytes, occurs as a normal protective
reaction especially in infection.
There is an increase in WBC count during an infection
with
Hematology/Oncology
Leukemia
• Leukaemia is a malignant proliferation of white blood cell. It results in the
uncontrolled increase in the production of leukocytes.
• Causes: Ionising radiation, Chemicals, genetic factors
• Types:
- Acute Leukemia
Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
- Chronic Leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Vertical Integration The Rawalpindi Medical University
with
Hematology/Oncology
Thrombocytopenia
• This is defined as blood platelet count below 1,50,000 / mm3
• Bleeding occurs when count falls below 30000/ mm3
• It maybe due to reduced platelet production or increased platelet destruction
Vitamin K Deficiency
• Vitamin K is required by the liver for the synthesis of many clotting factors,
therefor deficiency of vitamin K can lead to abnormal clotting.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC)

• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition in which blood clots form
throughout the body, blocking small blood vessels. Symptoms may include chest
pain, shortness of breath, leg pain, problems speaking, or problems moving parts of
the body.
Haemophilias
• Haemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder where blood doesn’t clot properly. It is
caused when blood does not have enough clotting factor. A clotting factor is a protein in
blood that controls bleeding.
There are two types of haemophilia. Both have the same symptoms:
• Haemophilia A is the most common form and is caused by having reduced levels
of clotting factor VIII (8).
• Haemophilia B, also known as Christmas Disease, is caused by having reduced levels
of clotting factor IX (9).
Promoting Biomedical Ethics Culture The Rawalpindi Medical University
Understanding
Biomedical Ethics
 The core pillars/principles of medical ethical

include:
Understanding
Biomedical Ethics
Beneficence
The principle of beneficence is the obligation of
physician to act for the benefit of the patient
and supports a number of moral rules to protect
and defend the right of others, prevent harm,
remove conditions that will cause harm, help
persons with disabilities, and rescue persons in
danger.
Brainstorming/
Recall
MCQs About Topic Under

Consideration
Brainstorming/
Recall
MCQ #1
Which hormone or cytokine simulates formation of platelets?
A. Trombopoietin
B. Erytropoietin
C. Interleukin 6
D. Vasopresin
Brainstorming/Recall The Rawalpindi Medical University
Key
Correct Answer: A
MCQ #2
Which hormone or cytokine simulates formation of red blood cells?
A. Erytropoietin (Epo)
B. Interleukin 1 (IL 1)
C. Interleukin 6 (IL 6)
D. Vasopresin
Key
Correct Answer: A
Promoting IT & The Rawalpindi Medical University
Research
Culture
Suggested research article
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9110402
Promoting IT &
Research Culture
How To Access Digital Library

• Steps to Access HEC Digital Library
1. Go to the website of HEC National Digital Library.
2. On Home Page, click on the INSTITUTES.
3. A page will appear showing the universities from Public
and Private Sector and other Institutes which have access
to HEC National Digital Library HNDL.
4. Select your desired Institute.
5. A page will appear showing the resources of the
institution
6. Journals and Researches will appear
7. You can find a Journal by clicking on JOURNALS AND
DATABASE and enter a keyword to search for your desired
journal.
References
Sr.# Types of Names/links of reference material
reference
material
1 Text book Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th ed. Philadelphia,
PA: Saunders; 2020
2 Text book Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular
Approach. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017.
3 Text book Sherwood L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. 10th ed. Boston,
MA: Cengage Learning; 2020.
4 Text book Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT. Vander's Human Physiology: The
Mechanisms of Body Function. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
Education; 2021.
5 Text book Costanzo LS. Physiology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2021.
6 Research https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61925-5
papers
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9110402
7 YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0UTZR7PVzc&ab_channel=AndreyK
Video
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The Rawalpindi Medical University

The Rawalpindi Medical University

1st year BS Nursing, Batch 2023

Usman Date:-15th August 2023

Motto Vision; The

Professor Umar Model of Integrated Lecture

BLOOM'S TAXONOMY : DOMAINS OF LEARNING

1 cognition C C1 Recall / Remembering

BLOOM'S TAXONOMY OF THE

2 To describe the functions of blood and its components C2

3 To understand the concept of hematopoiesis and Sites of C1

The Characteristics of Blood

• Temperature: 100.4°F (38°C)

• pH: 7.35-7.45 (Slightly alkaline)

• Colour: Varies with oxygen content

Body cells --> CO2 --> Lungs

GI Tract --> Nutrients --> Body cells

Endocrine glands --> Hormones --> Body cells

 Blood helps in maintaining the pH

 Blood helps in adjusting the body temperatures like water.

 Blood osmotic pressure influences water contents of cells and

 WBCs protects against infection

 Blood proteins, including antibodies, interferons and

Blood plasma : A straw coloured fluid

Other Solute (1.5%) • Electrolytes

RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)

• If hematocrit is 40, it indicates 40% of the volume of blood is

Formation of Blood Cells

Kindly click on the link for the video about hemopoiesis:

• Shape: Biconcave discs

• Due to no nucleus, lot of internal space is available for oxygen

• RBCs don’t have mitochondria and generate ATP anaerobically (without

• Each RBC contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules.

Normal Hb value: 13 to 17gm/dl (male)

Hb molecule consists of a protein called

The four chains are bound by a non-protein

Each heme ring has an iron ion (Fe2+)

Iron ion combines with an Oxygen molecule

RED BLOOD CELL (Erythrocyte)

Four Heme pigment

Four Oxygen molecule

• As blood flows through tissue capillaries Iron- Oxygen reaction reverses

• Oxygen is released first into interstitial space and then cells.

This reaction is important for two reasons:

To be learned in detail with respiratory system

RBC Life Cycle

• Without nucleus and other organelles, RBCs cannot repair themselves.

• Damaged RBCs are removed from circulation and destroyed fixed

• The breakdown products are recycled and used in various

Erythropoiesis and destruction/

• Erythropoietin: Hormone that regulate RBCs production

• Macrophages are specialized cells involved in phagocytosis of damaged or

Click on the link below for explanation:

By: Armando Hasudungan

Destruction and Recycling of

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

• White blood cells are also called Leukocytes

• WBCs are classified into two:

(Kindly note the granules)

• Function: Small, fast and active scavengers

Basophil under a microscope

• 20-50% of WBCs are agranulocytes.

• They are of two types:

Lymphocyte (T-Cell, B-Cell, Natural Killer cell)