Preface Slide

Divisi Bedah dan Radiologi

Departemen Klinik, Reproduksi, dan
Patologi

ANASTESION IN LARGE
ANIMALS
Anesthesia Techniques in Large Animals
Anesthesia techniques that are often performed on
large animals, namely: local or regional anesthesia
(analgesia), sedation and transquilizers, and general
anesthesia (general)
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Local anesthesia is performed by removing the
sensitivity of the sensory nerves in a certain area.
Regional anesthesia can be performed with infiltration
techniques at a specific location or blockade of sensory
nerves that innervate certain regions.
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
• Infiltration Anesthesia
Indication:
-suturing of wounds or removal of lesions on the skin
- Laparotomy procedure
-The incision line desensitivity
Techniques:
-the preparation is injected and infiltrated in the operating
area
-The first infiltration is carried out on the skin and subcutis
layer, then in deeper layers like muscles and peritoneum
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
•L Pattern Infiltration
Anesthesia
Indication:
- Laparotomy procedure
- Laparoscopic procedures
-operative procedure with flank or
paramedian technique
Techniques:
The administrative site is the vertical
side caudal to the last rib and the
horizontal side of the transverse
proceccus of the last lumbar
vertebrae.
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
• Paravertebral Blockade Techniques:
Indication: -Administrative orientation on the
transverse proceccus at T13, L1 and
-Nerve block of the flank L2, and L3
Innervation of Nerves -Administration is carried out as
Exiting from the Lateral close as possible to the lateral
vertebral foramen
Vertebral Foramen:
-Proceccus transverse L1 is the
-skin orientation point for nerve blockade
on T13 (L2 and L3 for L1 and L2)
-fascia
-Administration 3 - 5 cm into the
-muscle ventral parallel to the caudal line of
the transverse proceccus through the
-peritoneum flank section ligamentous nuchae
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
•Paravertebral Blockade
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
• Epidural Anesthesia
Indication:
-operative procedures for cattle and horses in a standing state
-Cesarean section on pigs
-urogenital surgery on goats
postoperative analgesia

Types of Epidural Anesthesia:

-Cranial Epidural: lumbosacral cleft (Goat, Sheep, Pig)
-Epidural Caudal: sacrococcygeal cleft (Horse, Cow)
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
• Epidural Anesthesia
Epidural Anesthesia Techniques on Cranial Epidural
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
• Anastesi Epidural
Epidural Anesthesia Techniques on Caudal Epidural
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
• Regional Anesthesia of the Eye
Indication:
-analgesia in the orbital area
-enucleate the eyeball

Anesthetic Techniques:
-Retrobulbar infiltration block (four points): Most effective
-Peterson's block at the junction of the proceccus zygomaticus:
cranial edge of the coronoideus proceccus of the mandibullary
os (Rare: Near orientation to A. Maxillaris interna)
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
• Regional Anesthesia of the Horn
Indication:
-Dehorning in cows and goats

Anesthetic Techniques: -Cornual blockade

-Subcutaneous block

Orientation:
-Cows: lateral canthus of the eye - crest dorsalis at the base of the
horn to fossa temporalis (Infliltration of M. Frontalis)
-Goat: subcutaneous blockade in the middle of the frontal part of the
head above the eye to the fascial crest
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
• Intravenous Anesthesia of Ruminant Feet
Indication:
-Foot amputation

Anesthesia Techniques:
-Intravenous anesthesia on the distal leg (Most Effective)
-Ring blockade
- Blockade anesthesia

Intravenous Administration Techniques:

-Torniquet installed distal to the carpus or carpus joints
-Administration is usually carried out on the digitalis common vein lateralis III in the
metacarpus or cranial branch of the lateral saphenous vein in the metatarsus
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques
• Intravenous Anesthesia of Ruminant Feet
Intravenous anesthesia of the distal leg
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Techniques

• Other Nerve Block Anesthetics

Indication:
-diagnosed lameness
-Handling wounds on the feet

Anesthetic Techniques:
-Specific nerve blockade and intrarticular analgesia are very
important procedures for the diagnosis of lameness
Transquilization and Sedation
The main objectives of transquestation and sedation in
large animals are for diagnostic and therapeutic
procedures, minor surgical procedures under local
anesthesia, and preanesthetic medical procedures.
Transquilizer and Sedative
• Transquilizers on horses:
• Phenothiazine group: acetylpromazine maleate (has no analgesic effect)
• Alpha-2-adrenoreceptor agonist class: xylazine hydrochloride, detomidine,
• romifidine, and dexmedetomidine (analgesic and sedation effect)
• Phenotiazine side effects:
• Hypotential
• Tachycardia
• Temporary paralysis
• Alpha-2-adrenoreceptor agonist side effects:
• Decreased heart rate
• Decreased cardiac output
• Hypertension
• As well as character changes
• can be minimized with a combination of OPIOID
Transquilizer and Sedative
• Pig Sedatives:
• Azeperone
• Droperidol
• Alpha-2-adrenoreceptor agonist (cardiopulmonary suppression effect)
• Opioids: Fentanyl and Orphine
• Combination opioids with alpha-2-adrenoreceptor agonists (Effect
preanesthetic sedation and good analgesics)
• Benzodiazepam or midazolam (brief sedation effect)
General Anesthesia
Various surgical procedures on horses require general
anesthesia in contrast to cows which can be performed
standing up or using only physical or chemical restraints
(adding to the physiological characteristics of
ruminants).
Praanesthesia Evaluation

• physical examination
• Clinical Examination
• complete blood count (CBC)
Premedication
• Sedation and tranquillization of horses are performed to facilitate
induction of anesthesia
• Sedation and tranquillization of foals not performed (hepatic
microsomal enzyme deficiency)
• Sedation and tranquillization of cattle and small ruminants not
performed (side effect on abdominal physiology)
Premedication
• Alpha-2-agonist (often)
• -Guaifenensin + Ketamine
• -Tiletamine + Zolazepam
• -Xylazine + Ketamine
• Anticholinergics (very rare:
causes illeus, tachycardia, and
increased mitochondrial
oxygen consumption)
• -Atropine
• -Glycopyrolate
Anesthesia Induction

• Induction of anesthesia is
often performed
intravenously
• In pigs induction of
anesthesia was carried out
by the inhalation method
• Endotracheal intubation can
be performed before or
after induction of
anesthesia with minimal
regurgitant effect if
performed after induction of
anesthesia.
Anesthesia Maintenance

• Method:
• -Inhalation: most effective especially if the duration of surgery
is long
• -Intravenous: simple and inexpensive equipment, however
prolong recovery time
• Inhalation anesthetic preparations:
• -Isoflurane
• -Sevoflurane
• -Desflurane
• It is very important to pay attention to the patient's vital condition
LIST OF USE OF ANASTESI PROVIDES IN
LARGE ANIMALS

Can be seen in the module

Source

Hendrickson DA, Baird AN. 2013. Turner and McIIwraith’s

Techniques in Large Animal Surgery 4th Edition. New
Jersey (US): John Willey and Sons.
 Alternatif 2

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