WELCOME TO OUR

GEN.ZOOLOGY 111 CLASS !

DR.ROSEMARIE C.SANTOS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IV
NATURAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER 1
THE HUMAN BODY:
AN ORIENTATION

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Human Body – An Orientation

• Anatomy – study of the structure and

shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and
its parts work or function
 INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

 Anatomy
Divisions of human anatomy
A. Gross Anatomy= Large structures, Easily observable
1. Systematic Anatomy = study of the structures of specific
body systems
2. Regional Anatomy = study of the structures by region
3. surface Anatomy = study of the landmarks on the body
surface of different visceral organs
Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
 Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
DIVISIONS OF HUMAN ANATOMY

2. Microscopic Anatomy – study of structures of human body through

the use of microscope, Very small structure , Can only be viewed
with a microscope
• 1. cytology= chemical and microscopic study of cells

• 2. histology = normal tissues of the body

3. Embryology – study of development of the human body from the
normal fertilization of ovum up to the period of extrauterine life.
4. NeuroAnatomy-- normal microscopic , gross features and dev.of
nervous system
Levels of Structural Organization
 Structural organization of the body
A. Chemical – all living matter begins
B. Cell – made up of chemicals forming complex
substances
C. Tissue – form by specialized group of cell

D. Organ – group of tissues functioning together

E. System – group of organs performing specific
functions
F. Anatomical Relations
G. 1.Anatomical position-
 Directional Terms-used to explain exact location
of a body structures
Organ System Overview

• Integumentary
• Forms the external
body covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury and drying
out
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Organ System Overview

• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Organ System Overview

• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Organ System Overview

• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands
Organ System Overview

• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Organ System Overview

• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Organ System Overview

• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity-
destroys bacteria and
tumor cells
Organ System Overview

• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide
Organ System Overview

• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
Organ System Overview
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Organ System Overview

• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
 D. NeuroAnatomy-- development of nervous
system
 Under Gross Anatomy
 1. Systematic Anatomy- by systems

 2. Regional Anatomy – by regions

 3. surface Anatomy—land mark or the
body surface of the diff. visceral
organs
Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries- keeps the body’s
internal environment distinct from the external
environment- the skin and membranes
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Necessary Life Functions

• Metabolism – all chemical reactions

within the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Necessary Life Functions

• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Provides new cells for growth and repair
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
Survival Needs

• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
Survival Needs

• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be
appropriate
Homeostasis

• Maintenance of a stable internal

environment = a dynamic state of
equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain
life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance
in homeostasis resulting in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis

• The body communicates through neural

and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
• Sends information to control center
Maintaining Homeostasis

• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
The Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

• Exact terms are used for:
• Anatomical Position – a person upright with face and eyes
directed to front, arms at the sides with palms forward, feet
parallel and toes are pointed forward.
• Directional terms are used to explain the exact location of the
body structure. The terms are very precise and avoid the use
of unnecessary words. EX; superior/inferior
• Body Regions
• Structures
Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional Terms
Proximal
The Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Anatomical Position – a person upright with face and
eyes directed to front, arms at the sides with palms
forward, feet parallel and toes are pointed forward.
• Directional terms are used to explain the exact
location of the body structure. The terms are very
precise and avoid the use of unnecessary words.
EX; superior/inferior
• Body Regions
• Structures
 Anatomic relations
1. Superior/Cranial – above or nearer the head
2. Inferior/Caudal – below or nearer the feet

3. Ventral/Anterior- near front of body

4. Dorsal/posterior – near back of body

5. Medial – near midline

6. Lateral – farther away from midline

7. Proximal – nearer the origin of a structure

8. Distal – farther from origin

9. Superficial/External- near the outer surface

10. Deep/Internal – near the inner surface
Planes Or Divisions frequently used show the anatomical relationship
of several structures in a region to one another. Commonly used planes
are
1. Sagittal plane- imaginary vertical planes passing through the body
parallel to the median plane dividing this into right and left parts
2. Median plane/ midsagittal plane - imaginary vertical planes passing
longitudinally through the body from front to back dividing it into right
and left halves
3. Frontal or coronal plane->imaginary vertical planes passing through the
body at right angels to be median plane, dividing it into anterior and
posterior positions
4. Transverse plane or X Section-imaginary vertical planes passing through
the body at right angels to both the median and coronal planes dividing
the body upper and lower plane.
 In anatomical description are also based on four imaginary planes that

pass through the body in the anatomical position.

Anatomical Positions
Superior/Cranial
Body Planes
Body Cavities
1. Dorsal
A. cranial cavity containing brain
B. vertebral canal containing spinal cord
2. Ventral
A. thoracic cavity containing lungs and heart
B. abdominal cavity containing stomach, intestines, kidneys ,liver
C. Pelvic cavity containing urinary bladder, rectum and internal reproductive organs
Body Regions
1. Head- brain, face, eyes, nose ,mouth and ears
2. Neck – connects the head and trunk
3. Trunk:
A. Thorax- with heart and lungs
B. Abdomen – with proximal parts of digestive and urinary organs
C. Pelvic cavity – distal parts of digestive and genito urinary organs, containing internal
reproductive organs
4. Upper extremities – shoulder, arm, forearm and hands
5. Lower extremities – hips, thigh, leg, foot
Body Cavities – Spaces within the body that contain
various internal organs.
1. Dorsal

A.Cranial cavity containing brain

B.Vertebral canal containing spinal cord

2. Ventral
C.Thoracic cavity( right and left pleural,
pericardial)lungs and heart
D.Abdominal cavity( stomach,
intestines ,kidneys ,liver)
E.Pelvic cavity – urinary bladder, rectum, and internal
reproductive organs.
BODY CAVITIES
 Abdominopelvic quadrants- divide into
abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants by passing
horizontal line and one vertical line through the
umbilicus. The two lines divide the
abdominopelvic cavity into upper right
quadrant(RUQ), left upper quadrant(LUQ), right
lower quadrant(RLQ) and left lower quadrant
(LLQ).
 Quadrant names are used in locating the site of the
abdominopelvic pain, tumor or other abnormality.
ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

 The four imaginary lines divide the abdominopelvic cavity into

nine regions:
1.Left lumbar=to the left of the umbilical region

2.Right lumbar region= to the right to the umbilical region

3.Epigastric region=directly above the umbilical region

4.Umbilical region = centrally located

5.Left hypochondriac region = left to the epigastric region

6.Right hypochondriac region= right to the epigastric region

7.Hypogastric(pubic) region= directly below the umbilical region

8.Left iliac or inguinal region=to the left of the hypogastric region

9.Right iliac( inguinal) region to the right of the hypogastric region

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
 General anatomical terminology
1. Bio= living
2. Ecto }ex: ectoderm-outside skin

Exo }ex: exophthalmos= protruding eyes

Extra }ex: extracellular-outside cell
3. Endo= inside ex;endocardium= inside heart
4. Supra= above ex: supraspinatus = above spine
5. Hypo/Infra=below ex:hypodermis-below dermis
ex:infraspinatus –below spine
6. Pre= before ex: precentral gyrus
7. Post= after ex: post central gyrus
8. Inter= in between ex; intercostal –in between ribs
9. Peri=around ex: pericardium – around heart
10. Epi = pn or upon ex; epicardium – on the heart
 Anatomical Terminologies Related To The Different
Body Regions
1. Head- Cephalic
 Cranial- skull

 Facial- facial

 Frontal- forehead
 Oculi/orbit- eye

 Otic- ear

 Buccal - cheek
 Nasal- nose

 Oral- mouth
 Mental- chin
Body landmarks (Ventral/Anterior)
2. Neck
 Cervix
 Collum/colli
 Nuchal
3. Trunk
 Chest – thoracic , pectoris
 Abdomen – umbilical = navel , coxae = hip, inguinal = groin, pubic = pubis, dorsal = back, lumbar
= loin
4. Upper Extemeties 5. Lower Extremities
 Acromial= shoulder - Gluteal = buttocks
 Omo = shoulder - Femoral = thigh
 Axillary= armpit - Patellar = anterior surface of the knee
 Branchial = arm - Popliteal= hollow area behind knee
 Cubit = elbow - Crural = leg
 Antebrachial = forearm - Sural = calf
 Carpal = wrist - Pedal =foot
 Metacarpal = palm - Tarsal= ankle
 Phalangeal/Digital= fingers - Phalanges/ dgital = Toes
- Plantar= sole
- Calcaneal - heel