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39 Plantresponses Text
39 Plantresponses Text
Figure 39.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Concept 39.1: Signal transduction pathways
link signal reception to response
• Plants have cellular receptors
– That they use to detect important changes in
their environment
Figure 39.2a
Figure 39.2b
Activation
of cellular
Relay molecules responses
Receptor
Hormone or
environmental
stimulus
Plasma membrane
Figure 39.3
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Reception
• Internal and external signals are detected by
receptors
– Proteins that change in response to specific
stimuli
Light
Translation
3 Both pathways
1 The light signal is lead to expression De-etiolation
detected by the of genes for proteins (greening)
Ca channel
2+
phytochrome receptor, that function in the response
opened
which then activates de-etiolation proteins
at least two signal (greening) response.
transduction pathways.
Ca2+
Figure 39.4
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Response
• Ultimately, a signal transduction pathway
– Leads to a regulation of one or more cellular
activities
• In most cases
– These responses to stimulation involve the
increased activity of certain enzymes
RESULTS
Light
Light
Light
Illuminated Tip Tip covered Tip Base covered Tip separated Tip separated
side of removed by opaque covered by opaque by gelatin by mica
coleoptile cap by trans- shield block
parent
cap
CONCLUSION In the Darwins’ experiment, a phototropic response occurred only when light could
reach the tip of coleoptile. Therefore, they concluded that only the tip senses light. Boysen-Jensen
observed that a phototropic response occurred if the tip was separated by a permeable barrier (gelatin)
but not if separated by an impermeable solid barrier (a mineral called mica). These results suggested
that the signal is a light-activated mobile chemical.
Figure 39.5
– Extracted the
chemical. On a control coleoptile, he placed a block that lacked the chemical. On others,
he placed blocks containing the chemical, either centered on top of the coleoptile to
distribute the chemical evenly or offset to increase the concentration on one side.
chemical RESULTS The coleoptile grew straight if the chemical was distributed evenly.
If the chemical was distributed unevenly, the coleoptile curved away from the side with
the block, as if growing toward light, even though it was grown in the dark.
phototropism, Growth-promoting
chemical diffuses
into agar block
auxin, by
modifying earlier Control
(agar block
lacking
Agar block
with chemical
stimulates growth
experiments Control
chemical)
has no
effect
Offset blocks
cause curvature
CONCLUSION Went concluded that a coleoptile curved toward light because its dark
Figure 39.6 side had a higher concentration of the growth-promoting chemical, which he named auxin.
Cell 1
100 m
Cell 2
Epidermis
Cortex
Phloem
Xylem
Basal end 25 m
Pith of cell
CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that concentration of the auxin
Figure 39.7 transport protein at the basal ends of cells is responsible for polar transport of auxin.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Role of Auxin in Cell Elongation
• According to a model called the acid growth
hypothesis
– Proton pumps play a major role in the growth
response of cells to auxin
1 Auxin
increases the
Nucleus Cytoplasm
activity of Vacuole
proton pumps. ATP Plasma membrane
H+ 5 With the cellulose loosened,
the cell can elongate.
Cytoplasm
Figure 39.8
Axillary buds
Figure 39.9a
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• If the terminal bud is removed
– Plants become bushier
“Stump” after
removal of
apical bud
Figure 39.10
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Germination
• After water is imbibed, the release of gibberellins from
the embryo
– Signals the seeds to break dormancy and germinate
2 The aleurone responds by
1 After a seed synthesizing and secreting
imbibes water, the digestive enzymes that 3 Sugars and other
embryo releases hydrolyze stored nutrients in nutrients absorbed
gibberellin (GA) the endosperm. One example from the endosperm
as a signal to the is -amylase, which hydrolyzes by the scutellum
aleurone, the thin starch. (A similar enzyme in (cotyledon) are consumed
outer layer of the our saliva helps in digesting during growth of the
endosperm. bread and other starchy foods.) embryo into a seedling.
Aleurone
Endosperm
-amylase Sugar
GA
GA
Water
Radicle
Scutellum
(cotyledon)
Figure 39.11
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2 The aleurone responds by
1 After a seed synthesizing and secreting
imbibes water, the digestive enzymes that 3 Sugars and other
embryo releases hydrolyze stored nutrients in nutrients absorbed
gibberellin (GA) the endosperm. One example from the endosperm
as a signal to the is -amylase, which hydrolyzes by the scutellum
aleurone, the thin starch. (A similar enzyme in (cotyledon) are consumed
outer layer of the our saliva helps in digesting during growth of the
endosperm. bread and other starchy foods.) embryo into a seedling.
Aleurone
Endosperm
-amylase Sugar
GA
GA
Water
Radicle
Scutellum
(cotyledon)
– Drought tolerance
Figure 39.12
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Drought Tolerance
• ABA is the primary internal signal
– That enables plants to withstand drought
Figure 39.13 CONCLUSION Ethylene induces the triple response in pea seedlings,
with increased ethylene concentration causing increased response.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Ethylene-insensitive mutants
– Fail to undergo the triple response after
exposure to ethylene ein mutant
Figure 39.14a
ctr mutant
Figure 39.14b
Wild-type
Ethylene insensitive
(ein)
Ethylene
overproducing (eto)
Constitutive triple
response (ctr)
Figure 39.15
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Apoptosis: Programmed Cell Death
• A burst of ethylene
– Is associated with the programmed destruction
of cells, organs, or whole plants
0.5 mm
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength (nm)
Light
Time = 0 min.
Time = 90 min.
Dark (control)
Dark
Dark
Dark (control)
CONCLUSION Red light stimulated germination, and far-red light inhibited germination.
Figure 39.18 The final exposure was the determining factor. The effects of red and far-red light were reversible.
Chromophore
Figure 39.21
Noon Midnight
• Photoperiodism
– Is a physiological response to photoperiod
Flash of
light
24 hours
Critical
dark
period
Light
CONCLUSION The experiments indicated that flowering of each species was determined by a critical period of
darkness (“critical night length”) for that species, not by a specific period of light. Therefore, “short-day” plants are
Figure 39.22 more properly called “long-night” plants, and “long-day” plants are really “short-night” plants.
Hours
12
Graft
Time
(several
weeks)
Statoliths
20 m
Figure 39.26
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Growth in response to touch
– Is called thigmotropism
Vascular
cylinder
Air tubes
Epidermis
100 m 100 m
Figure 39.28a, b (a) Control root (aerated) (b) Experimental root (nonaerated)
3 Synthesis and
release of
volatile attractants
1 Wounding 1 Chemical
in saliva
2 Signal transduction
pathway
Figure 39.29
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Defenses Against Pathogens
• A plant’s first line of defense against infection
– Is the physical barrier of the plant’s “skin,” the
epidermis and the periderm
• An avirulent pathogen
– Is one that may harm but not kill the host plant
Avr allele
Avirulent pathogen
Plant cell is resistant
No Avr allele;
virulent pathogen
Plant cell becomes diseased
Avr allele
No R allele;
Virulent pathogen plant cell becomes diseased
Virulent pathogen
No R allele;
plant cell becomes diseased