2-D SURVEY DESIGN

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 1

 2-D SURVEY DESIGN

To optimize acquisition survey

parameters to acquire optimum
quality of seismic data for a given
objective with optimum cost

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 2

 PARAMETERS TO BE DECIDED
• Type of spread
• Direction of shooting
• Fold
• Group Interval, Shot interval
• Near offset, Far offset
• Migration Aperture
• Recording parameters
– Record length
– Sampling interval
– Filters-High, low & Notch

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 3

 Pre - Survey Studies

A. Formation of data base

B. Reprocessing/processing

C. Analysis of data and results of processing

D. Optimization of parameters
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 A. Formation of data base
Geological & seismo-geological objectives of the
survey
 Surface & subsurface geological information

 Satellite images

 Time structure maps at target zones to study

major structural aspects, fault patterns and

other subsurface features
 Details of wells drilled in survey area

 Well log data (sonic, density & dip meter )

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 A. Formation of data base
Gravity and Magnetic survey data
 Parameters of earlier acquired seismic data

 Key seismic sections in dip & strike direction

 VSP data of wells in survey area

 Information about drilling difficulties

encountered, poor data quality & logistic

 Near surface information, uphole survey data

and near surface models

 Location & results of experimental surveys

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 A. Formation of data base
 Extensive reconnaissance survey in the area
 Topo sheets and other topographic survey data

 Meteorological and tidal data for transition zones

and backwaters
 PEL / ML details pertaining to the area

 Preparation of detailed project map with

information about logistics, earlier seismic

data, drilled wells, surface & sub surface
geological features, major obstacles in the
area, PEL/ ML information etc.
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 B. Reprocessing/Processing
 Results of reprocessing of raw and stack data of
earlier vintages for fold study
 Amplitude frequency analysis of earlier seismic

data including VSP data in the zone of

interest
 Generation of synthetic seismogram from log

data
 Modeling studies in geologically complex areas

areas ( after completing desk computations)

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 C. Analysis of Data
&
Results of Processing

 Depth of shallowest target

 Depth of deepest target
 Foldage required in the zone of interest
 Frequency at target level
 Narrowest dimension of geological target
 Dip & thickness of the target zone
 Velocity function of the area
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 D. OPTIMIZATION- FOLD

Foldage may be decided based on :

 Results of fold optimization of earlier data

S/N ratio in the area
 Shot interval
 Number of channels
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 D. OPTIMIZATION- FOLD

Fold of coverage/ Fold: Number of times a subsurface point

is sampled
Nominal fold/Total fold: Provided by a geometry if
implemented without skip. However, the staking fold
( actual number of traces staked). These is less than due to:
1. Skip of shot points in field
2. Dead Channels in field
3. Editing of noisy/sluggish Channels at processing
4. Muting during processing
5. Pre-stack migration

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 D. TYPE OF SPREAD
Split Spread:
• Minimizes shadow zones
• Ensure updip shooting for half of ray paths
• Cost effective
• Easy to correct positioning of shot location in processing
centre
• In-between the pickets provides better offsets.
End On:
• Limited number of channels and required far offset is
large.
ASS:
• Interest is shallow as well as deep

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 Comparison of spreads
assuming limited number of channels is available
Sl. End-on Spread Split-spread
No.

1.
longer spread which enables us to suitable for shallow targets
look deeper.
2.
suitable for better multiple area is free of multiples
suppression
3.
better velocity analysis. It reduces the NMO stretch.
4.
It is convenient for field any activity at the corresponding
operations. and successive shot points
hinder the active spread.

5. It may ensure up-dip shooting if it is better suited for conflicting dip

dip direction is monocline and or unknown dip areas.
it is known. It is also suitable in horst / graben
set up.
In mapping of geologically complex
subsurface, it minimizes the
shadow zones.
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 D. DIRECTION OF SHOOTING
In End on spread Source Midpoint Receiver

Receiver are updip in

relative to shot
• Wave travelling updip
suffers less scattering UPDIP
• Intra – array travel
time difference is low
Receiver Midpoint Source
• Total surface coverage
to map a steeply
dipping reflector is
less
DOWNDIP

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 14

 D. GROUP INTERVAL
Spatial aliasing criteria
• No aliasing of maximum dipping events of
highest frequency
• Proper sampling of Diffraction events
Horizontal resolution
• Fresnel Zone criteria:Three-four traces in
Fresnel’s zone
Inputs:
• Group interval=(Xfar-Xmin)/(n-1)
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 Sampling theorem
• There should be two samples in a time period of
highest frequency signal.
Nyquist Frequency=1/(2*Sample rate)
• In seismic surveys two types of sampling
– Sampling of a trace from a channels- Temporal
– Sampling of continuous wavefield at different
Geophones - Spatial

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 Temporal Aliasing-Nyquist Rule
IF ANALOG SIGNAL OF:
Frequency (Fs) = 500 Hz
Time period (T) = 2 ms
Then it is to be digitized by:
Nyquist Rate(τ) = 1 ms
Nyquist Freq(Fn=1/2*τ) =500 HZ
A  = 1 ms Frequency = 500 Hz

T= 2 ms
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 Temporal Aliasing-Example
Grey Wave (Actual Signal)
Frequency (Fs) :125 HZ
Time period (T) :8 ms
So required Sample Rate : 4 ms

But if it sampled by
Sample rate (τ) : 5 ms
Nyquist frequency (Fn=1/2*5) : 100 Hz
Result Green (aliased signal)={Fn-(Fs-Fn)}=(2Fn-Fs)=75 Hz
A

Real Sinusoïd

t (ms)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Aliased sinusoïd

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 18

 Temporal aliasing

• Sampling interval just depends upon:

– Time period of maximum frequency of interest.
• Since frequency above nyquist frequency creates
noise (aliased frequency) when reconstructing the
trace from sampled values.
• Hence, it is necessary to filter out the frequency
above nyquist frequency- high cut filter( nyquist
filter).

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 19

 Spatial Sampling
• There should be at least two sample locations within a
wavelength of a wave of highest wavenumber.
Nyquist Wavenumber=1/(2*trace interval)
• Proper spatial sampling of continuous wavefield is
important for multi-channels processing otherwise noise
(aliased wavenumber) gets created in applying multi-
channels processing. trace interpolation/spatial anti-alias
filter for:
FILTERING OUT WAVE NUMBER HIGHER THAN
NYQUIST WAVE NUMBER
SO DEICIDE SPATIAL SAMPLING (TRACE
INTERVAL) CAREFULLY

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 Anti-alias filter

without with

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 TIME AND SPACE
• t~f • x~k
Frequency Wave number/spatial frequency
Period T=1/f Wavelength λ=1/k
Sampling criteria: at least Sampling criteria: at
two sample per period least two sample per wavelength
Δt≤1/2fmax Δx≤1/2kmax
Nyquist frequency: Nyquist wavenumber
Fn=1/2Δt Kn=1/2Δx
x Max unaliased freq. Fmax=V * Kn
k

x=Vt k=f/V
t f
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 Spatial Aliasing Trace
# 1 2 3 4 5

00

10

20

30

40

50
Time in
ms

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Frequency=1000/20=50 Hz AND GI=1  NO Aliasing
2D Survey Design 23
 Spatial Aliasing Trace
# 1 2 3

00

10

20

30

40

50
Time in
ms

13-05-2008
Frequency=1000/20=50 Hz: GI=2 NO Aliasing
2D Survey Design 24
 Spatial Aliasing Trace
# 1 5
00

10 ?

20

30 ?

40

50

Time in
ms

13-05-2008
Frequency=1000/20=50 Hz: GI=4 Aliasing
2D Survey Design 25
 Spatial Aliasing

GI=1 GI=2 GI=4

Trace
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
000 0
0 0
10 ?
1 1
200 0

30
2 2 ?
0 0
40

T 503 3
0 0
i
m
e 4 4
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0 0 2D Survey Design 26
 Spatial Aliasing Trace
# 1 2 3 4 5
00

10

20

30

40

50

Time in
ms

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Frequency=1000/10=100
2D Survey Design
Hz: GI=1 NO Aliasing 27
 Spatial Aliasing Trace
# 1 2 3 4 5

00

10

?
20

30

?
40

50
Time in
ms

13-05-2008
Frequency=1000/10=100
2D Survey Design
Hz: GI=2 Aliasing 28
 Spatial Aliasing Trace
# 1 2 3 4 5

00

10
?
20

30
?
40

50
Time in
ms

13-05-2008
Frequency=1000/5=200 Hz: GI=1 Aliasing
2D Survey Design 29
 Spatial Sampling

In seismic, spatial sampling is more complex due to dips

and velocity
• Apparent wavelength depends upon:
– apparent velocity and frequency
• Apparent velocity depends upon:
– velocity and dips
• Hence , apparent wavelength (so trace interval)
ultimately depends upon:
– Velocity
– Frequency
– dip

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 30

 Apparent Velocity
Apparent Velocity: The
velocity at which a events
seems to reach at different x
dx
x+dx
channels.
θ

nθ
* Si
t+dt

dx
Wa
ve
fro
nt
dt=(dx*Sinθ)/V
dx/dt= V/(Sinθ)
t
Vapp=V/ Sinθ
If θ=0 ; Vapp= infinite
If θ=90; Vapp=V
13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 31
 Spatial Aliasing

V * dt/2 V * dt
Sin θ = ------------- = -----------
dx 2*dx

(Spatial aliasing occur when the dt is one half period (of max freq signal)
= (V * T)/(4 * dx)

= V/(4 * fmax * dx)

or,
dx = V/(4 * fmax * Sin θ) Where, V is interval velocity at Target
13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 32
 D. FAR OFFSET
Far offset should be
Sufficient enough for :
Velocity analysis



Multiple attenuation
Limited because of:

NMO stretch criteria

To avoid wide angle reflection

Depth of zone of interest

Number of channels & group interval

Rule of Thumb
Far offset equal to target depth of deepest interest

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 33

 CDP-NMO
x
S M R
tx =SDG
to=2*SC =2*MD
tnmo = tx-to V
V
= [(x2+V2*to2)1/2/V]-to

= to[(x/V*to)2+1]1/2-to C D

=to[1+(x2/V2*to2)1/2-1] Offset

=x2/2*V2*to
i.e. tnmo α Square of offset
α Inverse of travel time at
zero offset
α Inverse of square of
stacking velocity
Time
13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 34
 NMO Stretch
Offset

Time

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 13-05-2008
Part of trace

Time
NMO corrected

Part of trace

Survey Design
NMO2DStretch
NMO corrected

Part of trace

NMO corrected
Offset

36
 D. NEAR OFFSET

Noise at near trace (esp.

Vibrators)
Stretch at shallow target
Sufficient fold at shallow target

As minimum as possible

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 37

 D. MIGRATION APERTURE
The maximum value of :
• The lateral migration movement of dipping
events ( Z*tanθ)
• To capture diffraction energy for migration:
– Take θ equal to 30 degrees.
• Radius of first fresnel zone.

• Migration+zone of influence

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 38

 Migration Aperture
• It is the distance by which the
survey line/area to be extended
to get full-migrated coverage Z*tanθ

and to capture diffracted energy.

Z
– Migration aperture equal to θ
θ
Z*tanθ
– If the requirement of
PSTM/PSDM, by analysis of unit
impulse response
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 MIGRATION APERTURE

D= Z* Tan 

T0:Z =30

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 40

 Fresnel Zone
• Energy from all the points of
reflection disk with radius
OA` will arrive S

constructively if time period

equals half of dominant time
period. This is called first Z+λ/4
Zo
Fresnel zone and its r is
given by:
R=(Vav/2)√(to/fmax) O
A A`

Bx or By=(2/3)R Z

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 41

 Zone of influence

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 42

 D. Migration aperture

• MA=Migration distance + zone of influence

Z*tanθ

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 43

 D. RECORD LENGTH
Record Length:
• Sufficient enough to capture target horizons at
farthest offset, migration and diffraction tails.
• Add twice of the length of the longest filter in
time
• Does not affect much on cost.

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 44

 D. SAMPLING INTERVAL
• To avoid temporal aliasing of highest
frequency.
• At least 4 sample in the time period of highest
frequency
• Does not affect much on cost.

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 45

 D. RECORDING FILTERS
High Cut Filter:
• To attenuate frequencies above the Nyquist frequency
which depends upon sampling interval
Low Cut Filter:
• Generally out
• May be applied if D/A converter is becoming
saturated.
Notch Filter:
• If necessary like in the area of HT Powerline

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 46

 It is amazing what you can
accomplish if you do not care who
gets its credit
-Harry S. Truman

13-05-2008 2D Survey Design 47