Logging Environment

Pressure

Litho-logy Temperature
 Please maintain silence
Don`t mind the spelling mistake
Don`t question in middle of ppt, separate time will be given for question
Ideal condition for Logging:

 Logging tool to be motion-less for each individual measurement and

to have a sensor of zero dimension, measuring a point sample.

Why we need, to learn about

logging environment ?
Formation pressure: Pressure under which the subsurface formation
fluid and gas are confined.

Drilling-mud column pressure: Pressure of drilling mud is hydrostatic and

depend only on the depth of a well, that is the height of the mud column
and mud density

Hydro-static pressure: pressure due to the weight of the fluid column

above the formation.

Over-pressure: Pressure above the hydro-static pressure at a particular depth.

Ex: Over-pressure exist for no of reason, one of the reason is formation fluid are
being squeezed by the surrounding rock
The generic subsurface main compartments. H, PP, PS are hydrostatic,
pore pressure and principal stress respectively.
Litho-static gradient : Rate of increase of the over-burden effect of the
rock with depth

 Pressure in the well increase with depth and lie b/w the hydrostatic gradient
and litho-static pressure.
Invasion: The phenomena of the replacement of formation fluid by drilling
fluid is called invasion.

 Invasion is small in very porous and permeable formation, mud cake

building up rapidly to block dynamic filtration while in poor permeable
zone, mud cake building is slow and invasion is deep or very deep

 Excessive invasion is worst situation for logging , chemical is added to

drilling mud to reduce water loss creating a protective mud cake as
quickly as possible, product such as lingo-sulphate and starch is used.
Accuracy of the correction diminishes as the diameter of borehole increases,
Thickness of mud cake and depth of invasion increases :

To minimize this effect:

 Ensuring that mud is sufficiently saline to avoid , wash-out , increasing the

borehole diameter.

 Ensuring the mud is not to saline that , it causes the swelling of formation.

 Minimize mud filtrate

 Set the mud weight such that it is just over-balanced.

Temperature Gradient: Rate of increase of temperature with respect to profile
of the bore-hole.

 Sedimentary rock show more or less regular increase in temperature with

respect to the depth.
 Typically temp. gradient for sedimentary rock are b/w 20 Degree/Km to 40
degree/ Km.
Depth of penetration: It is defined as the depth of investigation by the logging
tool.

It is comparable with photography

 Close-up looking tool give great resolution but little depth of investigation.
 While long distance looking tool give great depth of investigation but low
resolution.

Depth of investigation: Approx 50 percent of signal return from formation to

the detector.

 Depend on the separation of transmitter and receiver

 Investigation is just like radiant heat from fire. We feel heat near to the fire,
but not at some distance.
What are the main function of drilling mud:

 To lubricate the drilling bit

To remove the drill material away from drill bit and transport to surface

To counter act the fluid pressure of formation

To stabilize the bore-hole