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CONTROL
.
PRIMARY WELL CONTROL:
Maintenance of
sufficient hydrostatic pressure in the well-bore to control
back the formation pressure.
SECONDARY
WELL CONTROL:
It involves the
proper use of B.O.P. & kill procedures for detection and
safe handling of kicks so as to re-establish the Primary
Well Control.
PRESSURE
GRADIENT:
It is the pressure exerted by
a fluid of a given density measured over a given unit
depth. Its unit is psi/ft.
Pressure Gradient = 0.052
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE:
It is the pressure exerted
by a static column of fluid by virtue of its density. It depends
on the True Vertical Depth (TVD) of the fluid column and
the density of the fluid.
Hydrostatic Pressure will not depend upon the hole size
or the hole geometry.
b) Swabbing.
d) Lost circulation.
= 0.433 psi / ft
= 0.465 psi / ft
1) If Form. Press. Grad. > Hyd. Press. Grad. of Salt Water
=> Abnormal Pressure
.
• 2) ARTESIAN EFFECT
When a water bearing permeable rock outcrops at the surface in
a mountain area then the formation fluids at any depth are
under hydrostatic pressure which is equivalent to the height of
the outcrop. Hence the formation fluid in the valley below shall
be abnormally pressured.
Formation Pressure at point A = 0.465 × 4000 = 1860 psi
1860
Formation Pressure Gradient at point B =
3000
= 0.62
psi / ft
As Formation Pressure gradient is greater than 0.465 psi / ft,
hence formation fluid at the valley is abnormally pressured.
• 3) FAULTING
Faulting is up-thrusting of deep rocks .
Due to various geological reasons rocks from deeper depths
gets displaced up and the displacement may range from few
centimetres to kilometres. Since the formation pressure
normally increases with depth, when deep rocks get faulted
up, they have higher than normal pressure with respect to the
new depth they now occupy. Hence when drilling across a
fault , there is a possibility of encountering abnormally high
formation pressure.
• 4) GAS CAP EFFECT
In a folded permeable formation , pore
pressure at various places across the fold, though in direct
communication to each other, varies depending upon the nature of the
fluid trapped in the pores . Difference in density between the gas and
water causes the abnormal pressures where hydrocarbon occur above
water. The magnitude of this pressure depends upon the structural
elevation of the hydrocarbon reservoir.
Formation pressure at point A
= 0.465 × 8000 = 3720 psi Hydrostatic pressure of gas
= 0.1 × 1000 = 100 psi Formation pressure at point B =
3720 – 100 = 3620 psi
3
620
Formation pressure gradient at
point B = =
0.517 psi / ft
7
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
(BHP):
• It is the sum total of all the pressures i.e.
static, dynamic and surface applied
pressures acting on the bottom the well.
2) While drilling
BHP = Hyd. Press. Of mud +
Annular pressure losses
[ New SPM ]2
New Pump Pressure = × Old Pump pressure
[ Old SPM ]2
e.g. At 30SPM, Pump Pressure is 200psi, what will be the pump pressure
60SPM ?
[60]2
New Pump Pressure = × 200
[30]2
= 800 psi
Relationship between Pump pressure & Mud Weight
e.g. With 10ppg mud weight , Pump pressure is 200psi , then what will
be the pump pressure with 12ppg mud weight ?
12
New Pump Pressure = ×
200 10
240 psi
Exercise:
At 90 SPM with 11ppg mud, pump pressure is 2000 psi. What will be the
pump pressure at 45 SPM with 16 ppg mud ?
At 90 SPM with 11ppg mud, pump pressure is 2000 psi
At 45 SPM with 11ppg mud, pump pressure will be
( 45)2
= × 2000 = 500 psi
(90)2
16
= × 500 = 727.3 psi
11
KICK INDICATIONS:
LOT is not last reading Surface Leak Off Pressure = MAASP Elastic propagation
but a point where curve No permanent damage to formation
leaves straight line x
x
x
Fracture
x Propagation pressure
x
x
Volume Pumped
NECESSITY OF A GOOD LEAK-OFF TEST
(L.O.T)
1) Drill 10 to 15 feet of fresh formation.
2) Low discharge high pressure pump.
3) Accurate pressure gauge.
4) Exact mud density.
5) Exact true vertical depth (TVD) of casing shoe.
6) Burst strength of casing
7) Volume pumped and the return volume.
EXERCISE
• Find out the Formation strength at shoe
Both In PSI and MWE(ppg)
• MW.used during LOT : 10 ppg
• Shoe TVD : 5000 Ft.
• Surface leak off pressure: 1200 psi
Formation Strength = Hydrostatic Pressure of mud at casing
shoe + Surface Leak off
Pressure
= 0.052 × 10 × 5000 + 1200
= 2600 + 1200
= 3800 psi
3800
1. Maximum Allowable Mud Weight =
0.052 × 5000
= 14.61 ppg
Surface leak off pressure
2. Max. All. Mud Wt. = Mud Wt. in use +
0.052 × TVD of casing shoe
1200
=
10
+
0.052 × 5000
= 14.61 ppg
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
ANNULAR SURFACE PRESSURE
( MAASP
MAASP )
is the maximum surface pressure which can be applied
over and above the hydrostatic pressure before the shoe
gets fractured.
MAASP is to be recalculated whenever mud weight is
changed.
1. When mud weight is increased MAASP will
decrease.
2. When mud weight is decreased MAASP will
increase.
= 14.61
MAASP =
( Max. Allowable
MW – Current
MW ) × 0.052 ×
TVD of
WELL
KILLING
TO CIRCULATE OUT THE INFLUX
e. g.
NOZZLE PLUG, STRING OUT OF HOL
ETC. }
TWO CIRCULATION KILLING
Strokes
TOP HOLE DRILLING( SHELLOW WELLS)
FEATURES:
•Fast R.O.P.
•Hole sizes are large and Porosity is very high
•Cutting carrying capacity of mud is poor because of the large hole
size
•Formation strength are low in the top hole section , more so in a
marine well since part of the overburden there consists of seawater
rather than formation.
•Shallow gas kicks are difficult to detect at an early stage
because most of the standard flow detection techniques fail.
Flow checks on drilling breaks become impractical as drilling
rates generally are very fast and penetration rates vary
tremendously.
•Mud volume is continuously being added to active mud
system therefore pit level indicator at times cannot be
made use of.
•Reaction time is very less since gas expands immediately
upon entering the well-bore, which further reduces the
hydrostatic head and allows more and more influx to enter the
well-bore.
•As such well cannot be closed completely because the
pressure might generate so much as to broach to the outside of
the shallow casing. Allow the well to divert through a
diverter.
PROBLEMS FACED IN TOP HOLE DRILLING
•Formation being weak is vulnerable to bulk mud losses. Also
soft, fast drilling formations generate large volume of cuttings
which tend to accumulate in the borehole because of low
annular velocities resulting in increase in effective mud weight.
•Kicks occur quickly & since shallow reservoirs can have high
permeability, Time for action is limited.
•Shallow gas kicks are difficult to detect at an early stage
because most of the standard flow detection techniques fail.
Flow checks on drilling breaks become impractical as drilling
rates generally are very fast and penetration rates vary
tremendously. Mud volume is continuously being added to active
mud system therefore pit level indicator at times cannot be
made use of. The only reliable indication is the return flow meter.
Difference Shallow Vs Deep Hole
Deep Kick Shallow kick
1 Equipment BOP, Choke & Diverter and
Kill manifold D/Vent
2 Kill Rate 1/2 to 1/3 Maximum
3 Kill Mud Wt Based on SIDP On Flow
Severity
4 Closing Stop Pump, Open D/line,
Sequence Close BOP Close Diverter
Increase Pump
Rate
5 Kick indication Reliable Sign Difficult to
recognised
ACTION RECOMMENDED FOR SHALLOW WELLS
1) Keep slow drilling rate.
2) Clean hole by intermittent high viscous sweeps.
3) Drill a pilot hole and enlarge with underreamer.
4) Keep tripping speeds slow.
5) Keep enough stock of reserve mud.
6) Control losses before drilling ahead.
7) Run float in string to prevent sudden flow through string.