DECISSION MAKING AND BRANCHING

CONTENT
 DECISION MAKING STATMENTS
 IF STATEMENT
 SWITCH STATEMENT
 CONDITIONAL OPERATOR STATEMENT
 GOTO STATEMENT
BRANCHING, SELECTION AND LOPPING
 BRANCHING: A realistic C program may require that a
logical test be carried out at some particular point within the
program. One of the several actions then be carried out,
depending on the outcome of the logical test. This is known
as branching.

 SELETION: There is a special kind of branching, called

selection, in which one group of statements is selected from
several available groups.

 LOOPING: The program may require that a group of

instructions be executed repeatedly, until some logical
condition has been satisfied.
DECISION MAKING STATMENTS

IF STATEMENT

SWITCH STATEMENT

CONDITIONAL OPERATOR
STATEMENT
GOTO STATEMENT
 DECISION MAKING WITH IF STATEMENT

The if statement is a powerful decision making statement and

is used to control flow of execution of statements.

GENERAL FORMAT

if (test expression)
FLOW CHART ENTRY

TEST
EXPRESSION FALSE
?

TRUE
EXAMPLES OF DECISION MAKING

 if ( age is more than 55)

person is retired;

 if (code is 1)
MTE student;
CLASSIFICATION OF IF STATEMENT

FOUR CLASS

 SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
 IF……ELSE STATEMENT
 NESTED IF ……STATEMENT
 ELSE IF LADDER
SIMPLE IF STATEMENT

GENERAL FORMAT

if (test expression)

statement-block;

statement-x;
KEY POINTS

 The statement –block may be a single

statement or group of statements.

 If test expression is true, the statement –block

will be executed; otherwise statement-block will
be skipped and statement-x are executed in
sequence.
FLOW CHART OF IF STATEMENT
ENTRY

True
TEST
EXPRESSION
?

False Statement-block

Statement-x
NEXT STATEMENT
THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT

The if….else statement is an extension of simple if

statement.

GENERAL FORMAT
If (test expression)
{
True-block statement(s);
}
else
{
False-block statement(s);
}
statement-x;
 FLOW CHART ENTRY

True False
TEST
EXPRESSION
?

True-block False-block
statements statements

Statement-x
WRITE A PROGRAM TO FIND OUT LARGEST OF TWO
NUMBER.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main() {
clrscr();
int a,b;
Printf(“ENTER THE VALUE OF A AND B”);
Scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
if(a>b)
printf(“%d”,a);
else
printf(“%d”,b);
getch();}
NESTED IF…..ELSE STATEMENT

When a series of decisions are involved, then

more than if..else statement is used.
Largest
Number
GENERAL FORMAT OF NESTED IF…ELSE STATEMENT
If (test condition 1)
{ if (test condition 2)
{ statement-1;

}
else {
statement-2;
}
}
else
{
statement-3;
}
Statement-x;
 FLOW CHART
True
False Test
condition 1
?

False True
Test
Statement-3 condition 2
?

Statement-1
Statement-2

Statement-x
ELSE….IF LADDER
GENERAL FORMAT
if (condition 1)

statement -1;
else if (condition 2)

statement -2;
else if (condition n)

statement -n;
else

default statement;

statement-x;
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int Mark;
printf("Enter the mark=");
scanf("%d", &Mark);

if (Mark>79)
printf("Grade= A+");
else if (Mark>74)
printf("Grade= A");
else if (Mark>69)
printf("Grade= A-");
else if (Mark>65)
printf("Grade= B+");
else
printf("Grade= Fail ");
printf("\n");

return 0;
}
FLOW CHART OF ELSE….IF LADDER

TRY YOURSELF

DISADVANTAGE OF IF STATEMENT

We can design a program using if statements to control the

selection. The complexity of such program increases
dramatically when the number of alternatives increases. The
program become difficult to read and follow.
 SWITCH STATEMENT

The switch statement tests the value of a given variable

against a list of case values and when a match is found, a
block of statements associated that case is executed.
GENERAL FORMAT OF SWITCH STATEMENT
switch ( expression)
{
case value-1:
block-1;
break;
case value-2
block-2;
break;
…………
default:
default block;
break;
}
statement –x;
GENERAL FORMAT OF SWITCH STATEMENT
 KEY POINTS

 The break statement at the end of each block signals the

end of a particular case and causes an exit from the
switch statement.

 The default is optional case. It will be executed if the

value of the expression does not match with any of the
case values.

 No action takes place if all matches fail and the control

goes to the statement-x.
EXAMPLE
index=marks/10;
switch(index)
{
case 10:
case 9:
case 8:
printf(“A+ and HONOURS ”);
break;
case 7:
printf(“A”);
break;
default:
printf(“FAIL”);
break;
 The index is always an integer
quantity.
#include<stdio.h>

int main(){

int index, mark;

printf("mark=");
scanf("%d", &mark);
index=mark/10;
switch(index)
{
case 10:
case 9:
case 8:
printf("A+ and Honours");
break;
case 7:
KEY POINT
printf("A");
break;
case 6:
printf("A-");
break;
case 5:
printf("B+");
break;
default:
printf("FAIL");
break;
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
 CONDITIONAL OPERATOR STATEMENT

GENERAL FORMAT

Conditional expression? Expression1:expression2

EXAMPLE

if (x>o)
flag=0;
else
flag=1;

The above statement is same as

flag=(x>o)? 0:1
ADVANTAGE

When conditional operator is used, the code become

more concise and perhaps, more efficient.

DISADVANTAGE

The readability is poor.

Y=(x>2) ? (2*x+5) : (1.5*x+3);

 GOTO STATEMENT
GENERAL FORMAT

goto label; label:

……….. statement;
………. ……..
label: ……….
statement; goto label;

FORWARD JUMP BACKWARD JUMP

KEY POINTS

 The goto requires a label in order to identify the place.

 A label is any valid variable name and must be followed
with a semicolon
 For forward jump the label is placed immediately after
the statement.
 For backward jump the label is placed before the
statement.
 PROGRAM WITH GOTO STATEMENT
Finding the
Square Root
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
of a Positive
Number
int main(){
int x; float y;
printf("Enter a number = ");
exampleProblem:
scanf("%d", &x);
if(x<=0){
printf("\nSorry !, Please Enter a Positive Number = ");
goto exampleProblem;
}
else
y=sqrt(x);
printf("\nThe Squared Root is = %f", y);
printf("\n\nYou are Succesfully Commpleted the Task!!!!!\n\n\n");

return 0;
}