SRI KRISHNA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

COIMBATORE

Department of COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Programming in C
Class – I BSc CSA ‘A’
Classroom Code - k4embjr

LECTURE-07
Facilitator – Prof.A.Shobana
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Applications
 Topics Covered
DECISION MAKING AND BRANCHING
 Introduction
 Decision Making with if Statements

1.Simple if-statement
2.if…...else statement
3.Nested if…..else statement

4.else if ladder
SKASC 2
Decision making and Branching

Lecture Videos

https://
drive.google.com/file/d/1XZTu2KowtzItdyR7KpEygA
YZc_i9m_il/view?usp=sharing

References
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fm9qaSijX8U
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8cR0P5S21M

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Decision Making And Branching Introduction

• A C program is a set of statements which are normally

executed sequentially in order in which they appear.

• In some cases, it is required to change the order of

execution of statements based on certain conditions or
repeat a group of statements until certain specified
conditions are met.
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 INTRODUCTION
• C language possesses such decision making capabilities by
supporting the following statements:

1. if statement

2. switch statement

3. Conditional operator statement

4. goto statement

• These statements are known as decision-making

statements.

• These are used to control the flow of execution, they are also
known as control statements.
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Decision Making with if Statement
• The ‘if’ statement is a powerful decision-making statement used to
control the flow of execution of statements.

• It is basically a two-way decision statement and is used in

conjunction with an expression.

• General Form

if (test expression)

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Decision Making with if Statement
• It allows the computer to evaluate the expression first and then,
depending on whether the value of the expression (relation or
condition) is 'true' (or non-zero) or 'false' (zero), it transfers the
control to a particular statement.

• This point of program has two paths to follow, one for the true
condition and the other for the false condition

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 Decision Making with if Statement
Two-way branching

Entry

test False
expression?

True

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 Decision Making with if Statement
• Some examples of decision making using if statements are,
• if (bank balance is zero)
borrow Money

• if (code is 1)
Person is Male

• if (room is dark)
put on lights

• if (age is more than 55)

person is retired

SKASC 9
 Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a= 50;
int b = 100;
if (a<b)
{
printf("%d is less than %d",a,b);
}
return 0;
}
Output
50 is less than 100
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 Decision Making with if Statement

• The following are the various forms of if

statements:
1.Simple if-statement
2.if…...else statement
3.Nested if…..else statement
4.else if ladder
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 SIMPLE IF STATEMENT

• The general form of simple if statement is.

if (test expression)
{
statement-block;
}
statement-x;

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 SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
• The ‘statement block’ may be a single statement or a group
of statements.

• If the test expression is true, the statement-block will be

executed; otherwise the statement-block will be skipped and
the execution will jump to the statement-x.

Note:

• When the condition is true both the statement-block and the

statement-x are executed in sequence.
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Flowchart of simple if control
Entry

Test True
Expression
?

Statement-block
False

Statement-x

Next Statement

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 SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{ 
int a;  
printf("enter the value :");
scanf ("%d", &a);
if(a>0)
printf(“Positive integer");
return 0;
}

Output
Enter the value : 10
Positive integer
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 SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=5, b=10;
if(a>10 && a>b)
printf(“a is greater than 10”);
printf(“a is greater than b”);
return 0;
}
Output
a is greater than b

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 SIMPLE IF STATEMENT

• More than one test condition can be included in

a test expression by using && and || conditions.
• Example: if(weight<50 && height>170)
• Here the if statement will return true only if both
the conditions are true i.e if weight is less than 50
and height is greater than 170.

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Multiple if statements- Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
Output
int x, y;
enter the value of x:3
printf("enter the value of x:");
scanf("%d", &x);
enter the value of y:3
printf("enter the value of y:");
x is equal to y
scanf("%d", &y); End of Program
if (x>y)
{ Output
  printf("x is greater than y\n"); enter the value of x:5
} enter the value of y:7
if (x<y) x is less than y
{ End of Program
  printf("x is less than y\n");
}
if (x==y) Output
{ enter the value of x:10
  printf("x is equal to y\n"); enter the value of y:5
} x is greater than y
printf("End of Program");
End of Program
return 0;
} SKASC 18
 THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT
• The ‘if…else’ statement is the extension of simple if
statement. The general form is,

if(test_expression)
{
True-block statement(s)
}
else
{
False-block statement(s)
}
statement-x;

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 THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT

• If the test expression is true, then the true-block statements,

immediately following the if statements are executed; otherwise
the false-block statements are executed, not both.
• In both the cases, the control is transferred subsequently to
the statement-x.

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 THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT
Entry

True False
Test
expression?

True-block statements False-block statements

Statement-x

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 THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT
#include <stdio.h>
Output
int main() Enter your age:17
{ You are not eligible for voting
int age; Output
printf("Enter your age:"); Enter your age:18
scanf("%d",&age); You are eligible for voting

if(age >=18)
  printf("You are eligible for voting");
else
  printf("You are not eligible for
voting");
return 0;
}
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 THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT
// Check whether an integer is odd or even
Output
#include <stdio.h>
Enter an integer: 13
int main() {
13 is an odd integer
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
Output
scanf("%d", &number);
Enter an integer: 14
// True if the remainder is 0
14 is an even integer.
if (number%2 == 0)
{
printf("%d is an even integer.",number);
}
else
{
printf("%d is an odd integer.",number);
}
return 0;
}

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 THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT
#include <stdio.h>
int main() Output
{ Enter a number:-9
The number is Negative
 int x;
  printf("\n Enter a number:");
Output
  scanf("%d",&x); Enter a number:5
  if(x>0) { The number is Positive

printf("\n The number is Positive"); }

  else
  { printf("\n The number is Negative");}
  return 0;
}
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 NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS
• When a series of decisions are involved, we may have to use
more than one if …else statement in nested form.

• If the condition-1 is false the statement-3 will be executed;

otherwise it continues to perform the 2nd test.

• If the condition-2 is true, the statemen-1 will be evaluated

otherwise the statement-2 will be evaluated and then the
control is transferred to statement-x.

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 NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS
General Form
if (test_condition1)
{
if (test_condition2)
{
statement-1;
}
else
{
statement-2;
}
}
else
{
statement-3;
}
statement-x;

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NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS

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 NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{ int n; Output
  printf("enter a number: "); enter a number: 0
  scanf("%d",&n);
  if(n<=0)
Zero
{
  if(n<0) Output
{ enter a number: -7
  printf("%d is negative",n);
-7 is negative
}
else
{ Output
  printf("zero"); enter a number: 10
}
}
10 is positive
  else
{
printf("%d is positive",n);
}
  return 0;
}
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 NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS
//Nested if-else statement printf("%d is greatest",c);
#include<stdio.h> }//if body ends
int main() else Output
{ {//else body starts Enter three numbers 12 45 67
int a, b, c; if(b>c) 67 is greatest
printf("Enter three printf("%d is greatest ",b); Output
numbers\t");
else Enter three numbers 23 -5 8
scanf("%d %d 23 is greatest
printf("%d is greatest",c);
%d",&a,&b,&c);
}//else body ends
if(a>b) Output
} Enter three numbers -99 45 33
{ //if bodystarts
if(a>c) 45 is greatest
printf("%d is greatest", a);
else
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 ELSE IF LADDER
• A multi-path decision is a chain of if statement in which the statement
associated with each else is an if statement.
• As soon as a true condition is found, the statement associated with it is
executed and the control is transferred to the statement-x

• The conditions are evaluated from the top.

• When all the n conditions become false, then the final else containing

the default-statement will be executed.

SKASC 30
 ELSE IF LADDER
• General Form
if ( condition 1)
statement 1;
else if (condition 2)
statement 2;
else if (condition 3)
statement 3;
else if (condition n)
statement n;
else
default statement;
statement-x;

SKASC 31
ELSE IF LADDER

SKASC 32

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ Enter second number :4
int num1, num2, num3;
printf("Enter first number\t:");
scanf("%d",&num1);
printf("Enter second number\
t:");
scanf("%d",&num2);
printf("Enter third number\t:");
scanf("%d",&num3);
ELSE IF LADDER
if((num1>=num2) && (num1>=num3))
Output
{ printf("\nFirst number %d is
greatest",num1); Enter first number :12
}
Enter third number :5
else if((num2>=num1) && (num2>=num3))
{ printf("\nSecond number %d is First number 12 is greatest
greatest",num2);
}
else if((num3>=num1) && (num3>=num2)) Output
Enter first number :25
{ printf("\nThird number %d is
greatest",num3);
Enter second number :-98
Enter third number :87
}
return 0; Third number 87 is greatest
}
SKASC 33
 ELSE IF LADDER
else if(marks>=65){
#include<stdio.h>     printf("B Grade");
int main()
  }
{
else if(marks>=50){
  int marks;
    printf("C Grade");
printf(" Enter the marks for C Programming:\n");
scanf("%d",&marks);
  }
  if(marks>=95){ else if(marks>=40){
    printf("O Grade");     printf("P Grade");
  }   }
  else if(marks>=85){   else{
    printf("S Grade");     printf("Fail");
  }
  }
  else if(marks>=75){
  return 0;
    printf("A Grade");
}
  }
SKASC 34
 Summary
• Decision-making statements are used to control the flow of execution,
they are also known as control statements.

• The ‘if’ statement is a powerful decision-making statement used to

control the flow of execution of statements.

If the test expression is true, the statement-block will be executed;

otherwise the statement-block will be skipped and the execution will
jump to the statement-x.
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Test Your Knowledge

https://forms.gle/nBWzSS3wDC2Sa8Hm9
 Additional References
• https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/c-if-else-statement

• https://www.javatpoint.com/c-if-else

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_statement

• http://codewiki.wikidot.com/c:if-else
SKASC 38