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 THE ETHICAL
DIMENSION OF
HUMAN
EXISTENCE
Chapter 1
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 Introduce yourself.
HELLO!,
I’m….
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 Talking points :
Kinds of Valuation

Ethics and Morals

Deacriptive and Normative

Issue, Decision, Judgement, and Dilemma

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 We will talk about this first.

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 Ethics
generally speaking, it is about matters such as the good
thing that we should pursue and the bad thing that we
should avoid; the right ways in which we could or should
act and the wrong ways of acting. It is about what is
acceptable and unacceptable in human behavior. It may
involve obligations that we are encouraged to meet. Ethics
as a subject to study is about determining the grounds for
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the values with particular and special significance to

human life.
 PURPOSE
to guide the conduct of a person before an act is
undertaken.
Define what is considered an honorable behavior.

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Any Idea?

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 CLASSIFICATIONS
AND TERMINOLOGY.
Recognizing the notions of good and bad, and right and wrong,
are the primary concern of ethics. In order to start, it would be
useful to clarify the following points.
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 KINDS OF VALUATION
Our first point of clarification is to
recognize that there are instances
when we make value judgements that
are not considered to be part of
I may have an opinion as to what is
ethics.
the “right” dip (sawsawan) for my
For instance, I could say that this chicken barbeque, or I may maintain
new movie I had just seen was a that it is “wrong” to wear a leather
“good” one because I enjoyed it, or a vest over a Barong Tagalog, and
song I had just heard on the radio these are not concerns of ethics.
was a “bad” one because it had an
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unpleasant tone, but these are not part

 -These are valuations that fall under
the domain of aesthetics. The word
“aesthetics” is derived from the
Greek word aesthesis (“sense or
feeling”) and refers to the judgements
of personal approval or disapproval Similarly, we have a sense of
that we make about what we see, approval or disapproval concerning
hear, smell, or taste. In fact, we often actions which can be considered
use the word “taste” to refer to the relatively more trivial in nature.
personal aesthetic preferences that
we have on these matters, such as
“his taste in music” or “her taste in
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clothes.”
 Thus, for instance, I may think that it
is “right” to knock politely on
someone’s door, while it is “wrong”
to barge into one’s office.
These and other examples similar
Perhaps, I may approve of a child
examples belong to the category of
who knows how to ask for
etiquette, which is concerned with
something properly by saying
right and wrong actions, but those
“please” and otherwise, disapprove
which might be considered not quite
of a woman that I see picking her
grave enough to belong to a
nose in public.
discussion on ethics.
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 -To clarify this point, we can
differentiate how I may be displeased
seeing a healthy young man refuse to
offer his seat on the bus to an elderly
lady but by indignation and shock
would be much greater if I were to This could also be when learning
see a man deliberately push another how to bake, for instance, I am told
one out of a moving bus. that the right thing to do would be to
mix the dry ingredients first, such as
-We can also consider how a notion
flour, or sugar before bringing in any
of right and wrong actions can easily
liquids, like milk or cream; this is the
appear in a context that is not a
right thing to do in baking but not
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matter of ethics.
one that belongs to the discussion of
ethics.
 This could also be when learning
how to play basketball. I am
instructed that it is against the rules
to walk more than two steps without
dribbling the ball; again, obeying this -We derive from the Greek
rule to not travel is something that word techne the English words of
makes sense only in the context of “technique” and “technical” which
the game and is not an ethical are often used to refer to a proper
prohibition. way (or right way) of doing things,
but a technical valuation (or right and
wrong technique of doing things)
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may not necessarily be an ethical one

as these examples show.
 -Recognizing the characteristics of
aesthetic and technical valuation
allows us to have a rough guide as to
-One complication that can be noted
what belongs to a discussion of
is that the distinction between what
ethics.
belongs to ethics and what does not
-They involve valuations that we is not always so clearly defined.
make in a sphere of human actions,
-At times, the question of what is
characterized by certain gravity and
grave and trivial is debatable, and
concern the human well-being or
sometimes some of the most heated
human life itself.
discussion in ethics could be on the
-Therefore, matters that concern fundamental question whether a
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human well-being such as poverty, certain sphere of human activities

inequality, or sexual identity are belongs to this discussion.
 Are clothes always just a matter of
taste or would provocative clothing
call for some kind of moral
judgment?

Can we say that a man who verbally

abuses his girlfriend is simply
showing bad manners or does this
behavior deserve stronger moral
condemnation?
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 ETHICS AND MORALS
-This discussion of ethics
and morals would include
cognates such as ethical,
unethical, immoral,
amoral, morality, and so
on.
-The term “morals” may
be used to refer to specific
beliefs or attitudes that
people have or to describe
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acts that people perform.
-Thus it is sometimes said -Ethics - can be spoken of
that an individual’s as the discipline of
personal conduct is studying and
referred to as his morals, understanding ideal
and if he falls short of human behavior and ideal
behaving properly, this ways of thinking.
can be described as o It is acknowledged as an
immoral. intellectual discipline
-We also have terms such belonging to philosophy.
as “moral judgement” or
“moral reasoning”, which
suggest a more rational
 ETHICS AND MORALS
-With regard to acceptable
and unacceptable ways of
behaving in a given field,
we have “professional
ethics” (e.g., legal ethics
for the proper
comportment of lawyers
and other people in the
legal profession; medical
ethics for doctors and
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nurses; media ethics for
writers and reporters).
English as some form of
Philosophy is commonly
“friendship” or “love”,
thought of today as a
while Sophia is the noun
particular discipline in a
often translated to English
curriculum, perhaps as a
as “wisdom”).
subject that one could
take, or a course in
which one could get a
degree.
- The word philosophy is
rooted in the Greek words
that translate to “love of
wisdom” (philia is the
 ETHICS AND MORALS
Branches:
oMetaphysics – wonders
as to what constitutes
the whole of reality.
oEpistemology – asks
what is our basis for
determining what we
know.
oAxiology – study of
value and is divided
into:
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▪Aesthetics – value of
beauty.
 DESCRIPTIVE AND
NORMATIVE

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 DESCRIPTIVE
STUDY OF ETHICS
-reports how people,
particularly groups, make
their moral valuations
without making any
judgment either for or
against these valuations.

oWork of a social scientist:

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historian, sociologist or an
anthropologist
 NORMATIVE STUDY
OF ETHICS
-done in philosophy or moral theology.

oWhat could or should be as the right way

of acting?

-It prescribes what we ought to maintain as

our standards or bases for moral valuation.
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 MORAL ISSUE
- a situation that calls for moral valuation.
Example:
Imagine a situation wherein a person cannot afford a certain
item, but then the possibility presents itself for her to steal it.
This is a matter of ethics (and not just law) in so far as it
involves the question of respect for one’s property.

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 MORAL DECISION
when one is placed in a situation and confronted by the
choice of what act to perform.
Example: I choose not to take something I did not pay for.

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 MORAL
JUDGEMENT
when an observer makes an assessment on the actions or
behavior of someone.
Example: A friend of mine chooses to steal from a store, and I
make an assessment that it is wrong.

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 MORAL DILEMMA
when going beyond the matter of choosing right over wrong,
or good over bad, and considering instead the more
complicated situation wherein one is torn between choosing
one of two goods or choosing between the lesser of two
evils.
Example: A mother may be conflicted between wanting to
feed her hungry child, but then recognizing that it would be
wrong for her to steal food.

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