Modals of obligation

Have to
• We use it when there is something essential to do, because it is a rule,
a law, an obligation. Usually, we use have to for external rules(the
rules that come from outside, somebody tells you what to do)
You have to wear a school uniform.
You have to cross the road on the zebra crossing.
Sentence patterns
• Have to is a semi-modal verb
• It changes according to the subject
I have to go/He has to go
• It takes auxiliars to form questions and negative sentences
I don’t have to go/He doesn’t have to go
Do you have to go?/Does he have to go?
• To talk about past situations, we use had to
When I was at school, I had to/didn’t have to wear a uniform
must
• We use it when there is something essential to do, because it is a rule,
a law, an obligation. Usually, we use must for internal rules(the rules
that come from inside, you tell yourself what to do)
I know I must study more.

• We use must for written rules

You must keep silence.
NO PAST FOR MUST
MUST IN RECOMMANDATIONS
• To offer strong recommendations
I watched that film yesterday. You must watch it!!
Sentence patterns
• Must is a modal verb
• It doesn’t change according to the subject
I must, he must, they must
• It is never followed by “to”
I must to go- WRONG
I must go- CORRECT
• It doesn’t need auxiliar to form questions or negative sentences
I mustn’t go/Must he stay?(rarely)
Must or have to
• I must wear glasses- I understand it is important for me
• I have to wear glasses- it is because my doctor told me to do

USE HAVE TO IN ALL THE SITUATIONS

Don’t have to vs. mustn’t
• Don’t have to is used to talk about unnecessary things, things that are
not compulsory to do
I want to go shopping, but you don’t have to go with me. I am alright
You don’t have to pay for the tickets, as the entrance is free

• Mustn’t = forbidden!!!!= you can’t do that!!! It is against the law!!!

You mustn’t feed the animals!
You mustn’t be loud!!
You mustn’t drive so fast!!
Should and shouldn’t
• We use these modal verbs to give advice: what we think it is a good
idea to do, and what we think it is a bad idea to do

You should take some medicine.

You should rest more.
You shouldn’t smoke.
You shouldn’t eat much junk food.
Sentence patterns
• Should and shouldn’t are modal verbs
• They don’t change according to the subject
I should, we should, they should, he should
• They are not followed by “to”
You should to go to sleep
You should go to sleep
• Is doesn’t need auxiliars