UNIT 8

SPORTS AND
HEALTH
JANUARY 2023 – 1ST PERIOD
 TAG
QUESTIONS
USES AND FORMS
 TAG QUESTION
Examples:
• You don’t live in Chicago, do you?
• Emma went to Harvard, didn’t she?
• Your parents weren’t at the party last weekend, were they?
• I’ll see you tomorrow at the concert, won’t I?
• You’ve never been to Canada, have you?
• They should be here by now, shouldn’t they?
 WHAT IS A TAG QUESTION?

• Tag questions turn statements into questions.

• They help us to confirm or check information, ask for
agreement or to check if something is true.
• They are short questions at the end of a statement.
 WHAT IS A TAG QUESTION?

• If the statement is affirmative, the tag question is negative.

• If the statement is negative, the tag question is affirmative.
Per example:

+ -
His name was Juan, Wasn’t it?
It will be sunny later, Won’t it?
+ -
We aren’t late, Are we?
They didn’t come, Did they?
 WHAT IS A TAG QUESTION?

• You need to check the grammatical tense, because the

question tag has to be in the same grammatical tense; this
includes modal verbs.
 WHAT IS A TAG QUESTION?

To form a tag question, we use an auxiliary or modal verb

followed by a pronoun.
• We’re meeting at 8:30, aren’t we?

If the statement already contains an auxiliary or modal verb, we

use it in the tag question.
• Sara can’t play volleyball with us on the weekend, can she?
Match the sentences in the left with the correct
tag question in the right.
1. You want to come with me, • didn’t she?
2. You can speak English, • aren’t you?

3. Those people are friends, • wasn’t it?

4. That dog was his, • will you?

5. You won’t go without me, • can’t you?

6. You’re Ecuadorian, • don’t you?
7. Maria slept in her aunt’s house, • aren’t they?
BUT…
Exceptions
• I, Simple present in affirmative , the
question tag changes to aren’t.
• Let’s → shall we?
• With an imperative → will you?
• When the sentence have a negative context
but is an affirmative sentence → must be
affirmative.
• If the subject is nobody, somebody,
everybody, no one, someone or everyone
→ Use “they” in the tag.
• If main verb is have → It’s common to use
do in the tag.
➢ Examples
➢ I’m sitting next to you, aren’t I?
➢ Let’s go to the beach, shall we?
➢ Open your books, will you?
➢ Close the door, will you?
➢ You’ve never liked him, have you?
➢ Nothing bad happened, did it?
➢ He has no friends, does he?
➢ Nobody lives there, do they?
➢ Someone came yesterday, didn’t they?
➢ You have a car, don’t you?
➢ I had a letter from my lawyer, didn’t I?
Lesson First
Term
January 12 th
MODAL VERBS
OF OBLIGATION AND ADVICE
1. They must be followed by a main verb in its base.
2. They don’t conjugate with any subject.
3. They don’t need any auxiliary in question forms or negative form.

MODAL VERBS
OF OBLIGATION
 MODAL VERBS OF OBLIGATION
We can use must + base form, have got to + base form and have (has) to + base form to express
obligation.

Present Positive Negative

A really strong obligation (possibly based on the

must / must not Negative obligation. Not allowed to do it.
speaker's opinion)
(mustn’t) (serious consequences) Ex:
Ex:
(Present and Future) You mustn't smoke here.
I must study today.

Strong obligation, that shows something is necessary

Have (has) got to / Have or must happen in the way stated. It’s more emphatic
No obligation to do something. It’s used in
(has) not got to*** version of “have to”. Take it the way it is.
the UK but not in the US
(Just in present) I'm not happy with the situation, but I've just got to
accept it.
have (has) to / • Strong obligation (possibly from outside) doesn’t No obligation. Not necessary.
don’t (doesn’t) have to have direct consequences. Ex:
(Past, present, future) Ex: I don't have to work on Sundays.
Children have to go to school. You don't have to eat anything you don't like.
 MODAL VERBS OF OBLIGATION

• Have got to is more used in British English, not so much in American English.
• Be careful about the difference between mustn't and don't have to:
• Mustn't means it's not allowed, or it's a bad idea:
• You mustn't eat so much chocolate, you'll be sick.
• Don't have to means you don't need to do something, but it's fine if you want
to do it:
• I don't have to get up early at the weekend (of course, if I want to get up
early, that's fine, but I can stay in bed if I want).
 MUST

• Must is for simple present. It usually shows general obligations.

Per example:

• Travelers must show their passport before boarding a plane.

• You must use a pencil on the test.

• It is formal and normally used in writing.

Per example:

• All employees must wear proper safety equipment.

• You must use a helmet in a construction.
 HAVE TO
Have to is not an actual modal verb, but it is used like a modal. You
must conjugate the verb “have” depending on the time and subject.
Per example:
• I have to work tomorrow.
• She has to work tomorrow.
• It is used in all tenses.
• I had to work last night.
• She has had to work every day this week.
“Have to” is less formal than “must”, so it is more common in
conversation.
“Must” it has to be followed the way it is otherwise you will have
consequences.
 MUST NOT and DON’T HAVE TO

“Must not” and “don’t have to” are completely different, but their meanings
are often confused. “Must not” is a negative obligation and shows
something that is prohibited.
Per example:
• You must not eat in the computer room. (Food in the computer room is
prohibited.)
• “Don’t have to” shows something that is not necessary.
• I don’t have to work today. (Working is not necessary.)
MODAL VERBS
OF ADVICE
 MODAL VERBS OF ADVICE
We can use should + base form, ought to + base form and had better + base form to express
obligation (something you have to do).

Present Positive Negative

should / shouldn't Mild obligation or advice - recommendation. • Mild negative obligation or advice
• You should save some money. You shouldn't smoke so much.
Ought to / Ought not Mild slightly strong suggestion, to express an
Mild – Strong negative advice,
to (oughtn’t to) obligation or more like an expectation that
more like a regret or a complain.
someone should do something.

• He ought to consult a doctor, that wound

• We ought not to have ordered
so much food.
could get infected.
Had better / had Very strong advice and warnings. It is often a Strong negative advice.
better not threat of a possible bad result.
• You'd better take the test, or you might not • You'd better not be late for
get into university. your meeting with the principal.
The negative of ought to is not common. We usually use shouldn’t or should not instead.
 EXERCISES
Complete the sentences with should - shouldn’t, have to - don’t have to, must – mustn’t, have got
to, had better – had better not, ought to – ought not to.

1. It's not obligatory to take a tie. You don’t have to wear one.
2. Slow down or we're going to have an accident. You shouldn’t drive so fast.
3. The airline only allows two pieces of luggage. You had better not pack too much or you will have to
take it out at the airport!
4. Where's the toilet? I have to go.
5. You musn’t be horrible to your sister. It makes her very sad.
6. Tomorrow's a holiday. We don’t have to get up early.
7. You should take an umbrella. It might rain.
8. If you go sailing, you must wear a life jacket. The sea is very dangerous.
9. You have got to press very hard on the doorbell, or it won’t ring.
Approaching a
Text
Activity
 Approaching a text
Before you read a text, predict as much information as you can.
• Scanning. Just look the words. In the parragraph.
• Read the title of the text. Can you guess what it means?
• Look at the pictures. What people, places and things do they
show?
• Read the headings of the different sections. What do you think
they are about?
Thanks!