ACQUISITION – LEARNING

HYPOTHESIS
 Self Introduction

Subject: Second language acquisition

Lecturer: Ph.D Bui Phu Hung

Group members:
 Đinh Thị Mỹ Hân
 Lê Hoàng Anh Hào

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 INTRODUCTIO
N
Let’s start with the first set of slides

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 STEPHEN KRASHEN
BACKGROUND
Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from Urbana
Champaign, the University of Illinois. (1962)

Master’s degree in Linguistics

The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1964.

Ph.D. in Linguistics
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1968 .

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 STEPHEN KRASHEN
WORK

An Emeritus Professor of Education at the University of Southern

California known for his theory of second language acquisition.

The cofounder of the Natural Approach, as well as the creator of

sheltered subject matter teaching.

The author of books on the subject of second language acquisition.

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 What do you know about 'Second Language Acquisition'?
Second language acquisition is the process of learning a second language
different from your native language.

Stephen Krashen’s theory

is comprised of 5 distinct theories.
Acquisition-learning language

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 OVERVIEW

How can you develop your skills and ability?

Two different ways for second language learner to develop skill/ability

in the second language:
- Language acquisition.
- Language learning.

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 Acquisition Language

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 Introduction

▪ An organic method in which the learner develops language skills from

immersion in it.
• The role of immersion is crucial in language acquisition.
Example:
children growing up in bilingual households acquire languages by interacting with
their family members.
▪ A subconscious process using language for real communication.

Language acquisition occurs passively and unconsciously through implicit,

informal, or natural learning.

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 They pick up the language without
Introduction classes but from need or daily interaction

▪ People move to another country.

They naturally acquire the local
language as they immerse
themselves in the culture.

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 INTRODUCTION
(conclusion)

▪ Language acquisition is all about that natural, subconscious way we

pick up a language when we're surrounded by it.

▪ Acquisition is like how a young child naturally learns their native

language through exposure and interaction.

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 HIGHLIGHTS

▪ Similar to child first language acquisition

▪ 'pick up' a language.

Acquisition ▪ Subconscious
language ▪ implicit knowledge

▪ formal teaching does not help

▪ adult is not just learning

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 Similar to child first language acquisition
It requires meaningful interaction in the target language- natural communication
in which Speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with
the messages they are conveying and understanding.

Children acquire their mother tongue through

interaction with their parents
and the environment that surrounds them.

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 'PICK UP' a language
People acquire knowledge of a language by learning from their lives, their
experience, perception, motivation,...

People are concerned about the messages they are conveying and
understanding more than rules of the language.

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 Subconscious
Having a "feel" for correctness; we may not know exactly what rule was violated,
but somehow know that an error was committed.
- These methods provide understandable second language input to the brain.
- Hardly think about grammar rules or attempt to memorize words.
- Spoken and written English grammar improve tremendously.

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 我爱你

begin to understand the

context, even predict what
might come next. Keep watching

the patterns, the rhythm,

This is your subconscious at work, quietly and and the vocabulary
gradually making you more fluent in the
language without you consciously studying it. your subconscious
mind starts to PICK UP

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 Implicit Knowledge
According to Stephen Krashen, it means learning a language without
consciously thinking about grammar rules. Instead, you pick up the
language naturally by listening and reading, especially when the language
you're exposed to is just a bit more advanced than what you already know.

COOL

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 Formal teaching does not help
In fact, rules, and error correction are not noticed much in real communication.
People notice the truth value much more than form.

Parents don't usually care about their children's grammar mistakes.

If the child says that: 'I want eat candy’,

The parents won't correct because its meaning is clear in the context.

If the child says that: 'I am older than my older sister”

The parents will correct it: 'I am younger than my older sister'.

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 Kids
Acquisitions & Learning

Adults Learning ONLY

&
LEARNINGAcquisition
Do you agree?

Some people used to think only kids could acquire languages, and adults could only learn them.

But that's not true! Adults can also acquire languages we call “pick-up” languages. We don't
lose this ability when we grow up.

It doesn't mean adults will speak like native speakers, but they can use a natural "language
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acquisition device" just like kids do. acquisition is a very powerful process in adults.
 Language
Learning

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 INTRODUCTION

▪ Language learning is a conscious, and explicit

process.
▪ It’s not just picking up words randomly, It involves
a systematic approach.
▪ It involves 4 components: formal instruction, study,
practice and error correction.

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 HIGHLIGHTS

▪ Conscious

▪ Explicit
Language
learning ▪ Components of language learning

▪ Error correction

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 CONSCIOUS

Definition:
 A systematic/ rule-base/ structured approach to
new languages.
 Common method in formal settings like
classroom.
 Teachers present students with grammar and
pronunciation rules, explain how sentences
formed, how verbs change, how pronunciation
works  give examples of how these rules play
out in real life.

 Goals: Help learners arrive at the right form of rules.

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 CONSCIOUS

Details of conscious:
• Use the conscious brain to analyze English
grammar, memorize English vocabulary, and
translate English messages.
• Study the mechanics of English word by word,
rule by rule.
• Know a lot about English grammar rules and
translations, but it’s challenging to speak fluently
or understand native speakers well.

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 EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE

Definiton: it is the process when you learn something Example:

through formal teaching, studying with clear
explanations. You can explain what you’re learned. It "The meeting is scheduled on
includes clear, direct instruction and understanding of Monday at 3:00 PM in the
rules, facts or how to do things. conference room on the fifth
floor.”
Example of explicit learning:
 Grammar Rules
 Vocabulary Lists
 Sentence Analysis
 Language Rules

 if you receive explicit instructions  the instructions

are clear and specific, no confusion.

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COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE LEARNING
Formal Instruction
• Provide first guidance that we need
in language learning journey.
• Take place in structured settings
like classroom.
• Ex: Rule of forming past tense
verbs
Practice
• Apply what we learned to real life
situations.
• Conversation, writing or listening
exercises are forms of practice.
Ex: Lan used the vocabulary she’s learned
to order meal, ask questions about the
menu, and express her preferences.
Study
• Deeper understanding of language.
• Build the foundation for language
proficiency, strengthen knowledge
of grammar, vocabulary, and
language rules
• Ex: Lan made flashcards to learn
new English words, over time, she
built vocabulary list.
Error Correction
Learn from our mistakes to identify the
weaknesses and areas of improvement.
Ex: Native speakers gently corrected her
pronunciation and grammar mistakes. It
helps her improve her spoken English.
 ERROR CORRECTION
Error Correction as a
Conscious process
Learners make mistakes, they often
rely on their conscious knowledge to
correct the errors.
Real-Life Usage
prioritize communication content over
grammar or pronunciation
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Effectiveness of Error
Correction
Correcting mistakes can help in some
cases to improve explicit understanding
but it might not make you speak more
fluently and naturally
Balancing Error Correction
Use error correction together with natural
language exposure. This mix can help
learners be more effective and get language
improvement.
 Providing a Structured Supporting Language
Foundation Acquisition
Providing a
Provide structured and organized way Know the language rules
Structured
to understand the language rules, well, just use them to fix the
Foundation
mechanics, and components of a mistakes and speak more
language. correctly.

Benefiting Structured
Learners
Balancing Language
Beneficial for individuals who
Education
like learning in structured way with Create well-rounded language
clear rules and steps. learners who can be a skilled
language users.

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 APPLYING THE
ACQUISITION/LEARNING
HYPOTHESIS IN THE CLASSROOM

Minimize explicit Emphasize Focus on the

grammar acquisition over message.
Not to spend much learning. pick up grammar and
time teaching explicit Focus on acquisition- vocabulary while
grammar, especially for based activities, help focusing on real
younger students students naturally pick communication
up the language

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 General distinction of
acquisition and learning
language

ACQUISITION LEARNING

Subconscious, implicit Conscious, explicit

Informal situations Formal situations

Natural picking up Use grammatical rules

Depends on attitude Depends on aptitude

Products of subconscious Product of formal learning

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 REFERENCES

• Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning.

Pergamon Press.

• Fanselow, J. F. (1977). The treatment of error in oral work. Foreign Language Annals, 10(4),
583-593.

• Long, M. (1977). Language teaching and the discovery of self. E. Arnold.

• Hedstrom, B. (2018). Krashen's Hypotheses of Language Acquisition: Acquisition & Learning.
Retrieved from
https://www.brycehedstrom.com/2018/krashens-hypotheses-of-language-acquisition-acquisitio
n-learning/

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 THANK YOU !

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