Phần viết 4p: 1.
Differences between L1 & L2
Differences L1
Ling experience The first language Involve a first linguistic
experience.
The term native language or mother tongue refer to
the language one acquires in infancy (beginnings,
inception).
For example: Vietnamese in Vietnam. English in
America
Home enviroment The first language Is usually acquired in a home
environment by an infant (baby) in the care of
parents and other caretakers. - use language relating
and close to objects in the immediate environment.
For example: the caretaker feeds a baby; they will
give foods and talk "mam mam or mum mum" to a
baby, and the baby can see, hear, and know easily
about his eating
Accquiring The first language Children acquire through
naturally communication shape patterns generalize structure
in mind utterances (manner of speaking)
For example. Add "ed" into verbs at past tense: I
“eated" lunch already. The baby does not know that
the past of "eat" is "ate".
Social identity 1st Language Infants have not yet developed strong
social identities (babies acquire the first language
and the first social context at the same time).
ex: gender, ethnicity so L1 acquisition is not under
control of social identities
Consiousness A subconscious process: related to an innate ability
in human being to receive language (through
listening or observing by infants).
Ex: Infants listen and observe their parents and
acquire language by themselves.
Fossilization Fossilization (the process in which interlanguage
stabilizes for a long time.) Has no effect on the first
language
Attitude Attitudes: contact with our own culture We don't
care about characteristics of our own culture. We
can learn our first language easily and comfortably.
Motivation Integrated Motivation Encourage you to learn the
new language as a way to integrate yourself socially
into the community and become one of its
members.
L2
The second language Is mastered only by someone
who already speaks another language, contrasting
differences that only people who study the second
language can talk and understand clearly what you
say.
For instance: English in Vietnam
The second language Taking place in the environment
in which both first and second language is used in
communication. - Foreign language classes and
meetings.
Ex: In English class: little opportunity for experience
with the spoken language outside the classroom.
The 2nd language Learners have conscious
knowledge of the new language and can talk about
that language clearly. -Adults understand clearly
about vocabulary, grammar, structure and usage.
For instance: 1 "ate" lunch already.
2nd Language ▾ The language variety being studied is
emblematic (characteristic) of a different social status
or different ethnicity (background, origin) from that
represented by their first language. ⇒New and
different cultural values. Ex: English culture is strange
and new to us • → it is hard to acquire
A conscious process: the result of the instruction in
the rules of language. Contrast/compare with the 1st
Language.
Fossilization: learning process slows down or stops at
some points,
Attitudes: have thoughtful effect. Need to identify or
acquire with other cultural communities We have to
face with the of not simply learning new information
Ex: English is different from Vietnamese such as new
concepts, new grammars, pronunciation, etc. Politics,
career, globalization, ...
Instrumental Motivation: Knowledge of the target
language help achieve some goals: reading scientific
works, singing, graduation. It is little or no social
integration of learner into a community
2.How do children acquire language? Why error?

Learning by Imitation behaviorism Imitation theory: Children copy, Mother: Say <<banana >>
imitate what they hear (from Baby: << Nana >>
parents, siblings, caretakers, Mother: << Apple >>
anybody they interact with) Baby: Say << Apple >>
Language acquired by Reinforcement theory: Children are Children are reinforced to
reinforcement conditioned into speaking correctly. demonstrate sounds and words.
By being negatively reinforced for Example:
"errors" and positively reinforced 2 y-old: Baa
for "correct" usage Mom: Good boy! Ball
2 y-old: Baa
Mom: very good
Nativist language Through language input, they
acquire. RULES, not only words,
and CREATE new sentences,
APPLYING rules combining
words. RULES are acquired by
LAD (language acquisition device,
inborn).
LAD is a device, a 'software'
program, acquires the rules, applies
the rules when creating new
sentences, and adjusts the mistakes
step by step.
why errors? ( Nếu có hỏi)

• Errors not heard before. Not imitated!

• Reinforcement fails. « Stubborn >> to correct!
• Errors are made typically in each stage of the language development. Errors from irregular cases. Errors >> they
try to apply the rules/ grammar 'It is badder to feed them too much.’
Through language input, they acquire RULES, not only words, and CREATE new sentences, APPLYING rules
combining words

3. Why does language change? (tự thêm giải thích or vd để lấy 10đ)

Main ideas for Causes of Language Changes

 Coinage of new words: due to new changes in life, society, nature, ... to express new concepts, objects,
places, ...
 Loss of lexical items: over a period of decades or centuries, many lexical items lost, which seldom comes
to our attention because the process of obsolescence is a gradual one.
 New generation's language acquisition: Simplification - deletion-substitution
 Borrowing:
- Lack of words to express ideas from another language
- Commercial, cultural exchange, war, ...
- Translation
- Prestige of a culture, civilization
4. What are features of human language?

Language is a code -Language is a signaling system.

-A language as a code for conveying great variety of information.
Symbolic vocal sounds
-Used by a group of people
-For communication
-Code: symbols, signals for s. the other than themselves.
Have function and form We can describe the function of the unit by seeing what part it plays in
the structure of the next highest unit. The power unit functions as the
first unit of the train. Secondly, we can describe the form of the unit
by examining its internal structure. The power unit of the train has the
form of two engines coupled one behind the other.
Have rules -Our rules as descriptive, not prescriptive;
-This means they describe regularities in the structure of language,
they don't tell you what to do.
-Units have a structure which is rule - governed.
Is specifically human -You can safely assume that the words you hear will belong to
grammatical classes, such as noun and verb, and that these
grammatical classes will be combinable into phrases and sentences.
There will be ways of making statements, asking questions, giving
commands, and making negative assertions. All these properties are
true of every human language.
Is creative It is always possible to produce another by taking the last sentence,
adding and to it and joining another sentence after the and. That
way you get a new sentence. This means that there is no limit to
the number of sentences which can be constructed in accordance
with the rules of English.
Is constrained Language itself allows speakers to create new utterances whenever
they choose. But this creativity is circumscribed by the social forces
that surround the speaker
5. Differences bt human & Animal Communication. ( nếu làm phần viết 4đ thì học 2 cột)
Phần trắc nghiệm: (4p.)

1. What is wrong with the theory that language originated from attempts to imitate the sounds
of nature?
a) Onomatopoeic words are not the same in every language.
b) We use a specific language to describe sounds.
c) We hear sounds from the perspective of our language. câu A
2. A basic property of human language is speakers' ability to combine the basic linguistic units
to form a(n)………… set of 'well-formed' grammatical sentences. (unlimited number)
3. Which one of the following characteristics of human languages is not true?
- a. They have rules for combination of units based on hierarchical structure.
- b. Specific context or stimulus is required.
- c. Discrete units can be combined to produce infinite number of messages. Câu này phân vân B,D
- d. New symbols can be created or borrowed.
4. Which item(s) of the following is/are not causes of language change? Trang 74
not: c. regular correspondences, d. coinage of new lexical items
5. Which of the following items is not true about animal language?
6. The sounds and meanings of words are related in a(n)…….. fashion. Arbitrary
7. Which of the following statements is/are NOT true?
- Linguistic ability derives from more general cognitive 'intelligence".
- Language develops against a background of deficits in general and non-linguistic intellectual
abilities.
- A person's linguistic ability is not independent of his/her general conceptual or intellectual ability.
8. Which item(s) of the following is/are not true about properties of human language?
a. Units of a language have linear and hierarchical structures. .
b. Language is made up of a series of units, each of which may have an internal structure.
c. Larger units of a language are often put together in a systematic way by means of rules that
combine or rearrange smaller units to form larger ones.
d. Language use is constrained by the number of words in a sentence.
e. Some languages are "corrupt" or "decayed".
9. Which of the following items is/are not true about animal communication?
- a, Bees, for instance, are able to communicate to one another with great precision the location of a
food source by means of a dance done in the hive.
- b. As long as bees communicate, they will only be able to exchange variants of the same message-
in what direction the nectar is and how far away.
- c. One property of animal communication is the 'discreteness' of the speech or gestural units, which
are ordered and reordered, combined and split apart.
- d. The bees' dance is an effective system of communication for bees and is capable, in principle, of
infinitely many different messages, like human language.
10. Which one is not an example of Animals' visual communication:
- Fireflies glow to attract mates.
- Peacocks use their elaborate talks during courting rituals.
- Cobras inflate their hood to scare other creatures.
- Cats rub against objects to mark them with their scent. D
11. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
- Broca's patients spoke fluently with good intonation and pronunciation.
- The so called higher mental functions are believed to be greatly lateralized.
- Aphasia is language disorders that follow brain lesions caused by a stroke, a tumour, a gunshot
wound, or an infection.
- Broca's aphasics show syntactic deficits. A
12.
Writing systems: 4 common systems
Vnese writing system: Nôm, Quốc ngữ scripts
Terms:
- word writing - Syllable - Alphabetic - Consonant (some more words to consider: Pictogram >
Cuneiform >hieroglyphic > aphabetic Pictogram, ideogram, picto-phonetic, ...)
13. Which one(s) of these is/are not true?
Vietnamese language……………….
. is from Mon-Khmer
. is monosyllabic
. has word writing system
. has consonantal writing system
. has diacritics.
. has syllable writing system.

14. Differences between 1st L and 2nd L, Foreign L? ở trên phần viết có

15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of/ a stage of language acquisition?

16. Learning a foreign language can be affected by the following factors except..........? trang
107
except: holophrastic stage, different status
affected by: instrumental motivation, intrinsic motivation, social identity
Trang74
Except: fossilization, motherese
17. Genie, who had lived in a state of severe sensory and social deprivation, did not have
language when she was discovered, because ... (lose LAD) she was not exposed to language

18. A child acquires language by/ with / in ....

19. How was Nom script created? 3 basic ways? (meaning + meaning, meaning + sound,
Chinese character modification.)
20. Should we change our writing system, as suggested by.... ? Letters X and S should be joined
in one S?
Linguistics Terms (2 d)
1. Autonomy of language (p.42): the independence of language as genetically conditioned
cognitive system which is not derived from the general intellectual capacities of human
species.
2. Arbitrary (23): relating to that property of language, including sign language, whereby there
is no natural or intrinsic relationship between the way a word is pronounced (or signed), and
its meaning (e.g., the sounds represented by casa in Spanish, house in English, dom in
Russian, etc. have the same meaning).
3. Assimilation (56): when a sound changes, and becomes more like another sound which
follows it or precedes it.
4. Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words and forms a core part of linguistic
study today. (Wikipedia)
5. Phonology: Phonology is the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across
languages (Wikipedia)
6. Syntax: "syntax" refers to the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to
form phrases, clauses, and sentences. (Wikipedia)
7. Semantics: Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences. It uses the
relations of linguistic forms to non-linguistic concepts and mental representations to explain
how sentences are understood by native speakers.
(Wikipedia)
8. 'Proto-language"(18): language which is supposed to be the first
9. Onomatopoeic Words: a word that sounds like the noise it describes.
(Wikipedia)
10. Monogenetic (18): a theory of language origin that all languages originated from a single
source
11. Word writing (75): a system of writing in which each character represents a word or
morpheme of the language (e.g., Chinese). Sometimes called ideographic or logographic
writing.
12. Sign language (87): the languages used by the deaf in which hand and body gestures are the
forms of morphemes and words.
13. Broca's area (42): a front part of the left hemisphere of the brain, damage to which causes
telegraphic, agrammatic speech (Broca's aphasia)
14. Wernicke's area (42): posterior part of the left brain that, if damaged, causes fluent but
semantically empty speech production, i.e., Wernicke's aphasia
15. Jargon aphasia (42): form of aphasia in which phonemes are substituted, often producing
nonsense words.
16. Lateralization (42): term used to refer to any cognitive functions localized to one or the
other side of the brain.
17. Hierarchy: hierarchy refers to any ordering of units or levels on a scale of size, abstraction,
or subordination (gg)
18. Linear structure (5): in the form of a line
19. Hierarchical structure (5): having the form of a hierarchy. In the description of languages,
the hierarchies that are used usually represent units which consist of sub-units. The sub-units
are lower on the hierarchy
20. Utterance (5): What a speaker says or a writer writes at a particular point in time.
21. Dialect (5): Regional or social variety of a language.
22. Prescriptive Grammar (32): a grammar which states rules for what is considered the best or
most correct usage. Prescriptive grammar is often based not on descriptions of actual usage
but rather on the grammarian's views of what is best.
23. Universal Grammar: is the theory of the genetic component of the language faculty,
usually credited to Noam Chomsky. The basic postulate of UG is that there are innate
constraints on what the grammar of a possible human language could be. (Wikipedia)
24. Descriptive Grammar (32): a grammar which describes how a language is actually spoken
and/ or written, and does not state or prescribe how it ought to be spoken or written.
25. Historical linguistics (32): the branch of linguistics that deals with how languages change,
what kinds of changes occur, and why they occur.
26. Holophrastic: refers to one-word stage in which children produce one-word sentences.
(Wikipedia)
27. Babbling (87): sounds produced in the first few months after birth which include sounds that
do and do not occur in the language of the household. Deaf children 'babble' with hand
gestures similar to the vocal babbling of hearing children.
28. Critical age hypothesis (87): the period between early childhood and puberty during which
a child can acquire language without instruction.
29. Comparative method (56): the technique used by linguists to deduce forms in an earlier
stage of a language by examining corresponding forms in several of its daughter languages.
30. Genetically related (56) (of two or more languages): developed from a common, earlier
language (e.g., French, Italian, Spanish, all developed from Latin).
31. Syllabic writing (75): a writing system in which each syllable in the language is represented
by its own symbol.
32. Alphabetic writing (75): a writing system in which each symbol typically represents one
sound segment.
33. Consonantal writing (75): a writing system in which only symbols representing consonants
are used; vowels are inferred from context (as in, e.g., Arabic).
34. Pictograms (75): a form of writing in which the symbols resemble the objects represented; a
non-arbitrary form of writing.

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