Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SECOND
LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
Introduction
Three crucial issues in Second Language
Acquisition (SLA) identified by Rice (1986):
Learner Characteristics:
Learner Conditions:
Behaviorist model
The three influential
theoretical models for
explaining second
language acquisition
and how language, Innatist model
the child and the
environment
connected each other,
those models are:
Interactionist model
Behaviorism and SLA
• The basic principles still apply:
> Imitation > practice > reinforcement/ feedback, and > habit
formation following stimulus-response model,
• All learning is similar (both for L1 or L2 learning)
• However, in L2 learning, habits from first language are already
established, so part of L2 learning is leaning to eliminate bad
habits (i.e. errors) from the first language.
Behaviorism and SLA
• Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) by Lado (1975):
> elements that are similar in the 1st & 2nd language will be easy
to learn, and elements that are different in two languages are
difficult to learn.
> buku = book > air = udara
> pensil = pencil > Sunday = minggu
1 Access-issue
Child’s
Child’s
mind
mind
(UG)
(UG)
Innatism and SLA
Two special issues in innatist model of SLA:
Age-issue
2
There is a critical period hypothesis (CPH) for language learning
(Lenberg, 1967). This states that target-language competence in an
L2 can only be achieved if learning commences before a certain age
(e.g. the onset of puberty age) is reached.
However, some studies related to CPH and L2 learning found that:
Adults and adolescents may learn more quickly than children in
the short term.
Adult and adolescents who are good classroom learners may
learn more efficiently than young children in language classroom.
Those who begin when they are younger and continue learning
may ultimately reach a higher level of proficiency than those who
begin as adults.
Innatism and
Instruction
• Use ‘The Natural Approach’ proposed by Terrel (1997)
and the approach is supported by Krashen’s Hypothesis
for SLA.
• Those are:
– 1. the acquisition/learning hypothesis
– 2. the monitor hypothesis
– 3. the natural order hypothesis
– 4. the input hypothesis
– 5. the affective filter hypothesis
– 6. the reading hypothesis
the acquisition/learning
hypothesis
• Teachers must focus on communication rather
than memorization of rules
• Immersion in meaningful and comprehensible
contexts is a must
• Using the language in meaningful interactions
develops communicative competency
the acquisition/learning
hypothesis
• Language acquisition refers to the natural assimilation of
languages, by means of intuition and subconscious
learning.
• Language acquisition is the product of real interactions
between people in environments of the target language
and culture, where the learner, as an active player,
develops his communicative ability.
It is a banana.
Interactionism and
Instruction
• Communicative Language Teaching Approaches (CLTAs)
which includes a variety of different approaches to
teaching including functional-notional, thematic, content
based, task-based, etc.
• However, they all advocate a few common principles:
• More learner-centered,
• Less memorization, drill, and rule-based learning,
• Use of pair and group work,
• Contextualised teaching of vocabulary and grammar,
• Emphasized language for communication,
Limitation in
Interactionist theory
• The theory is still too limited since no consideration of
other aspects of the socio-cultural context that influence
language learning.
• A debate: innatist would argue that evidence from
interaction might show how language become
comprehensible but still cannot explain acquisition
without acknowledging an innate capacity.
• While interartionist might say that innatist ignore
language use, innatist might say that interactionist rely on
language use too much.
Summary
• Modeling, practice and reinforcement from
Behaviorist
proficient L2 language user.
• Habits formed in first language can interfere with
L2 learning
• Instructional approach: Audiolingualism.
Innatist
• UG is full access or no access or UG is partially
available for l2 learning – an unresolved question
• If UG is biological, there may be an optimal time period
for second language acquisition (prior to puberty)
because the adult mind learns language differently
• Instructional approach: The Natural Approach
Thank You!