Assessment of Band Ratios and Feature-oriented

principal component selection (FPCS) Techniques for

Iron Oxides Mapping with relation to radioactivity
using Landsat 8 at Bahariya Oasis, Egypt

‫لحديد‬..‫كاسيد ا‬.‫خريط أ‬..‫ىت‬...‫ية ف‬.‫إلختيار‬..‫ألساسية ا‬..‫لمركباتا‬..‫لنسبية وتحليلا‬..‫لنطاقاتا‬..‫قنياتا‬..‫ ت‬.‫قييم‬..‫ت‬

.‫ مصر‬،‫لبحرية‬..‫حاتا‬.‫لوا‬..‫منطقة ا‬..‫ ب‬8‫ندسات‬.‫ ال‬.‫م‬.‫إستخدا‬..‫اعية ب‬.‫إلشع‬..‫ا ا‬.‫وعالقاته‬

El Zalaky M.A., El Arefy, R A and Esmaeil E.

 The main target
is to elucidate the spatial
distribution of iron oxides and
their relation to radioactivity at
the Bahariya Oasis area.
Simplified geological map of the Bahariya Oasis modified
.from (El Arafy, 2010; Moustafa et al., 2003)
 Data and Methodology

• Landsat 8, an American Earth Observation satellite

launched on February 11, 2013.

• Landsat 8 cloud-free scene (Path 178 and Row 40)

acquired on 12 August 2017 at 08:36 am.

• geometrically corrected in UTM projection WSG84

Zone 35
 Radiometric resolution Spatial resolution ASTER spectral Radiometric Landsat-8 spectral Radiometric Landsat-7 spectral
Spatial resolution (m) Spatial resolution (m) Spectral bands Subsystem
(Bits) (m) bands (µm) resolution (Bits) bands (µm) resolution (Bits) bands (µm)

---- Band 1: 0.43 – 0.45 ----- Coastal Aerosol

---- Band 2: 0.45- 0.51 Band 1: 0.45- 0.52 Blue

( 8 Bits transmitted)
Band 1: 0.52-0.60 30 m Band 3: 0.52 – 0.60 30 m Band 2: 0.52- 0.60 Green

16 Bits
8 Bits

9 Bits
15 m VNIR
Band 2: 0.63- 0.69 Band 4: 0.63 – 0.68 Band 3: 0.63- 0.69 Red

Band 3: 0.78- 0.86 Band 5: 0.84- 0.88 Band 4: 0.77- 0.90 NIR

---- 15 m Band 8: 0.50- 0.68 15 m Band 8: 0.52- 0.90 Panchromatic

---- 30 m Band 9: 1.36-1.39 ----- ------ Cirrus

Band 4: 1.60-1.70 Band 6: 1.56-1.66 Band 5: 1.55- 1.75 SWIR 1

Band 5: 2.145- 2.185 Band 7: 2.10- 2.30 Band 7: 2.09- 2.35 SWIR2

( 8 Bits transmitted)
Band 6: 2.185- 2.225
16 Bits
8 Bits

9 Bits
30 m 30 m 30 m SWIR
Band 7: 2.235- 2.285

Band 8: 2.295- 2.265

Band 9: 2.360- 2.430

Band 10: 8.125-8.475 Band 10: 10.6- 11.2 Band 6: 10.4- 12.5 TIR 1

( 8 Bits transmitted)
Band 11: 8.425-8.875 Band 11: 11.5- 12.5 ---- TIR 2
12 Bits

16 Bits

9 Bits
90 m Band 12: 8.925 -9.275 60 m TIR
100 m

Band 13: 10.25- 10.95

Band 14: 10.95-11.65

Subsystem Band Spectral Range Spatial Quantizat
Spectrum
No (m) Resolution ion levels

(m)

1 0.435 - 0.451

2 0.452 - 0.512

VNIR 3 0.533 - 0.590

OLI 4 0.636 - 0.673 30 16 bit

5 0.851 - 0.879

6 1.566 - 1.651
SWIR
7 2.107 – 2.294

.Landsat 8 OLI Sensor (VNIR-SWIR) Parameters

Two main digital image processing techniques have
been applied

Band-Ratio Method

Principal Components Analysis (PCA)

.Fig. 3. Color composite image of 4, 3, 2 (left) and 7; 5; 3 (right) displayed in RGB respectively delineate the areas rich by iron oxides (yellow circles)
 Band-Ratio Method

 Dividing the digital number (DN) values of one band by the

corresponding DN values of another band and displaying the new
DN values as a grayscale image (Sabins, 1999).

 Ithelps in removing shadows and illumination contrasts caused by

feature slope.
Spectral reflectance
curves for iron oxide
minerals goethite,
hematite and jarosite
(Hunt and Ashley, 1979a; Sabins, 1999)
G GHorabi
El Gedida

El Harra

A new proposed band ratio

b4/(b1+b2) delineate the areas rich by
iron oxides (black circles).
Band ratio (b7/b5)+(b3/b4)
displayed as color image delineate
the areas rich by iron oxides
(dark red, red and yellow color).
 Principal Component Analysis
(PCA)

is a dimension-reduction tool that can be used

to reduce a large set of variables to a small set
that still contains most of the information in
the large set.
• Stander Principal Components Analysis

• Selective Principal Components Analysis

(Chavez et al., 1982; Kwarteng and Chavez, 1989

• Feature-oriented Principal Components Selection

(FPCS) or developed selective method.
Crosta and Moore (1989)
Stander Principal Components Analysis

Eigenvectors Band 2 Band 3 Band 4 Band 5 Band 6 Band 7

Band 1

PC 1 0.16 0.19 0.30 0.40 0.43 0.54 0.46

PC 2 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.24 0.34 -0.38 -0.58

PC 3 -0.27 -0.28 -0.29 -0.30 0.81 0.05 -0.16

PC 4 -0.40 -0.28 0.15 0.47 0.11 -0.61 0.36

PC 5 -0.39 -0.32 0.05 0.49 -0.17 0.43 -0.54

PC 6 -0.27 -0.16 0.81 -0.49 -0.04 0.07 0.00

 Standard PCA

Composite image of PC
.6,4,1 as RGB
G GHorabi Standard PCA
El Gedida

El Harra

Composite image of PC 6,4,2 as

.RGB
Feature-oriented principal component selection (FPCS)
Eigenvectors BAND 2  BAND 4  BAND 5  BAND 6 

PC 1 0.23- 0.49- 0.53- 0.65-

PC 2 0.39- 0.21- 0.53- 0.73

PC 3 0.48 0.57 0.66- 0.06-

PC 4 0.75 0.63- 0.01- 0.21

Eigenvector loadings of Bahariya Oasis scene for iron-oxides mapping using Landsat 8
OLI bands 2, 4, 5 and 6. (Modified from Loughlin 1991)
G GHorabi
El Gedida

El Harra

image of PC3 for selected Landsat-8

bands (2-4-5-6) showing and
discriminate the iron oxides in three
areas (black circles) according to
Loughlin 1991
Geological Field Work
Validation
Radioactivity
 LOCALITIES eU (ppm)
Range Average

NORTH EL HARRA 20-60 32

VILLAGE

WEST EL HARRA 18-35 26

VILLAGE

SOUTH EL HARRA 10-25 17.5

VILLAGE

Gamma-Gun spectrometer
SOUTHERN PART 35 - 55 43.5
(model FD-3013).
OF BAHARIYA OASIS
 Conclusion and
Recommendation
The interpretations of different kind of remote sensing
techniques of Landsat 8 data partially succeeded in
identifying the ferruginous units as ironstone,
ferruginous quartzitic sandstone, ferruginous marly
limestone as well as ferruginous clay at different
localities at Bahriya Oasis. These iron oxide localities
were also measured radioactivity and reviled that the
concentration of eU all over the studied localities are
within the low grade concentration.
 Further detailed geological field work on the
basis and contribution of geochemical and
geophysical analyses are recommended. Finally,
the area has significant potential for surface and
subsurface iron oxides.
THANK YOU