Geo-Informatics

2
Student name: Jatin R. Bagale
Subject : Geoinformatics –II
Year : MA/MSC –II (GEO) 2023-2024
Teacher : P. P. Deshmukh
Sensors/ Scanner

1)MSS : Multispectral Scanner

2)TM : Thematic mapper

3)LISS : Linear Imaging Self-Scanning System

4)WIFS : Wide field Sensors

5)PAN : Panchromatic sensor

MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER (MSS)

The Multispectral Scanner (MSS) sensors were line scanning devices

observing the Earth perpendicular to the orbital track. The cross-track
scanning was accomplished by an oscillating mirror; six lines were
scanned simultaneously in each of the four spectral bands for each
mirror sweep. The forward motion of the satellite provided the along-
track scan line progression.

The first five Landsat satellites carried the MSS sensor which
responded to Earth-reflected sunlight in four spectral bands. Landsat
3 carried an MSS sensor with an additional band, designated band 8,
that responded to thermal (heat) infrared radiation.
An MSS scene had an Instantaneous Field Of View (IFOV) of 68 meters
in the cross-track direction by 83 meters in the along-track direction
(223.0 by 272.3 feet respectively). To understand this concept consider
a ground scene composed of a single 83 by 83 meter area. The scan
monitor sensor ensures that the cross-track optical scan is 185 km at
nominal altitude regardless of mirror scan nonlinearity or other
perturbations of mirror velocity.

Cross-track image velocity was nominally 6.82 meters per

microsecond. After 9.958 microseconds, the 83 by 83 meter image has
moved 67.9 meters. The sample taken at this instant represented 15
meters of previous information and 68 meters of new information.
Therefore, the effective IFOV of the MSS detector in the cross-track
direction was considered to be 68 meters which corresponds to a
nominal picture element (pixel) ground area of 68 by 83 meters at
the satellite nadir point. Using the effective IFOV in area calculation
eliminates the overlap in area between adjacent pixel
Band # (L1- Band # (L3) Band # (L4- µm Resolution* L4/L5 TM Band
L2) L5) Equivalent

4 4 1 0.5-0.6 68 m X 83 m ~ 2 (0.52–0.60 µm)

5 5 2 0.6-0.7 68 m X 83 m ~ 3 (0.63–0.69 µm)

6 6 3 0.7-0.8 68 m X 83 m ~ 4 (0.76–0.90 µm)

7 7 4 0.8-1.1 68 m X 83 m ~ 4 (0.76–0.90 µm)

NA 8 NA 10.4- 68 m X 83 m ~ 6 (10.41-12.5 µm)

12.6
MSS Technical Specifications

• Sensor type: opto-mechanical

• Spatial Resolution: 68 m X 83 m (commonly resampled to 57
m, or 60 m)
• Spectral Range: 0.5 – 1.1 µm
• Number of Bands: 4, 5 (Landsat 3 only)
• Temporal Resolution: 18 days (L1-L3), 16 days (L4 & L5)
• Image Size: 185 km X 185 km
• Swath: 185 km
• Programmable: no
 The Thematic Mapper(TM)

The Thematic Mapper (TM) is an advanced, multispectral scanning,

Earth resources sensor designed to achieve higher image resolution,
sharper spectral separation, improved geometric fidelity and greater
radiometric accuracy and resolution than the MSS sensor. TM data
are sensed in seven spectral bands simultaneously. Band 6 senses
thermal (heat) infrared radiation. Landsat can only acquire night
scenes in band 6. A TM scene has an Instantaneous Field Of View
(IFOV) of 30m x 30m in bands 1-5 and 7 while band 6 has an IFOV of
120m x 120m on the ground.
TM Bands
Band Number µm Resolution

1 0.45-0.52 30m

2 0.52-0.60 30m

3 0.62-0.69 30m

4 0.76-0.9 30m

5 1.55-1.75 30m

6 10.41-12.5 120m

7 2.08-2.35 30m
TM Technical Specifications

• Sensor type: opto-mechanical

• Spatial Resolution: 30 m (120 m – thermal)
• Spectral Range: 0.45 – 12.5 µm
• Number of Bands: 7
• Temporal Resolution: 16 days
• Image Size: 185 km X 172 km
• Swath: 185 km
• Programmable: yes
Sensors and Their Specifications

Linear Imaging Self-Scanning System I (LISS-I)

LISS-I (Linear Imaging self Scanner) was a payload for the IRS-1A
satellite. This camera operated in four spectral bands. It operated in a
push-broom scanning mode using a CCD array. Each band used 2
CCD's which were staggered in the focal plane. It was again used in
IRS-1B. It used 7 bit quantization, and had a swath of 148 Kms.
Images of LISS-I were extensively used in forestry, crop acreage, yeild
estimation, drought monitoring, flood monitoring etc.
.
Band Details
Resolution Swath Sensor Spectral Bonds Revisit
(m) Width Channels (µm) Time
(Km)

72 148 LISS-I-1 0.45-0.52(blue)

LISS-I-2 0.52-0.59(green) 22
LISS-I-3 0.62-0.68(red)
LISS-I-4 0.77-0.86(nrar IR)

LISS-II was similar to LISS-I, but with higher spatial resolution and
smaller swath. it was on payload in three satellites: IRS-1A, IRS-
1B, IRS-P2.
Band Wavelength Resolution Swath Revisit time
(µm) (m) Width (Days)
(km)
Band 1 (blue) 0.46 -0.52 36.25 74 22
(145)

Bans 2 (green) 0.52 -0.59 36.25 74 22

(145)

Band 3 (red) 0.62 -0.68 36.25 74 22

(145)

Band 4 (NIR) 0.77 -0.86 36.25 74 22

(145)
Sensors and Their Specifications

LISS-III
The LISS-III (Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor) sensor is an
optical sensor working in four spectral bands (green, red, near
infrared and short wave infrared). It covers a 141km-wide
swath with a resolution of 23 meters in all spectral bands.
Band Wavelength Resolution Swath Revisit time
(µm) (m) Width (Days)
(km)
Band 1 0.52 -0.59 23.5 142 5
(VIS)

Bans 2 0.62 -0.68 23.5 142 5

(VIS)

Band 3 0.77 -0.86 23.5 142 5

(NIR)

Band 4 1.55 -1.7 70.5 142 5

(SWIR)
LISS-IV sensor

LISS-IV can work either in panchromatic or in multispectral mode

with the same bands as LISS-III (except SWIR). However, the
resolution is much better (5.8 m). For Resourcesat-1, the swath
width varies from 23.9 km in multispectral mode to 70.3 km in
panchromatic mode. For Resourcesat-2, the multispectral swath is
enhanced to 70 km. The linear array sensor can be steered up to
26 degrees across-track, enabling stereoscopic imaging

Mode Spectral band Resolution Number of Array

Panchromatic 0.50-0.75 µm 5.8 X 5.8 m 3
Mode Band Spectral Bond Resolution Number of
Array
Multispectral 2 0.52-0.59 µm 5.8 × 5.8 m 1
3 0.62-0.68 µm 5.8 × 5.8 m
4 0.77-0.86 µm 5.8 × 5.8 m
Wide field Sensors (WIFS)

A Wide Field Sensors (WiFS) with two spectal bands in the

visible and near-IR spectalreglon of the electro-magnetic
spectum with a spatial resolution of 188 metre and a swath
of 774 bn is planned to be flown on board the second
generation Inilian Remote Sensing Satellite - IC (IRS-IC)
during 1993-94 time-frame.
The tnstrument is configured to provide data over any glven region
every 54 days. The sensor is based on the state'of'thi-art push-
broom siaintng technology using Charge Coupled Device '(CCD) as
detectors and each spectal band is lmaged by independent
refractive optical system. A Wide Fleld Sensors (WiFS) with two
spectal bands in the visible and near-IR spectal region of the
electro-magnetic spectum with a spatial resolution of 188 metre
and a swath of 774 bn is planned to be flown on boord the second
generation Inilian Remote Sensing Satellite - IC (IRS-IC) during
1993-94 time-frame.
The Instrument is configured to provide data over any given region
every 54ays. The sensor is based on the state'of'thi-a,rt push-broom
siaintng technology using Charge Coupled Device '(CCD) as detectors
and each spectal band is lmaged by independent refractive optical
system. The use of indivldual refractive optlcs enables optimisation of
radiometric performance ineach specyat band, The configuration
envisages the use of a two lenses system with offnadir'mounting ,
sharing the totat field of view in each band to ensure spectral
fideliry.The CCD is placed in the focal plane of each optical assembly
so as to ensure iegistereillmagery ln both the bands.
 Panchromatic Sensor

The Panchromatic (PAN) Sensor had 5.8 m spatial

resolution, as well as stereo capability. Its swath width is
70 m. Revisit time was every five days, with ± 26° off-
nadir viewing.

Panchromatic Band
Band Wavelenth (µm)
PAN 0.5 to 0.75
Panchromatic Imagery

A panchromatic imagery uses a single

band image. This imagery is extremely
useful, as it is a much higher spatial
resolution than the multispectral imagery
from the same satellite. For example, the
QuickBird satellite produces pan imagery
having a pixel equivalent to an area 0.6 m
× 0.6 m (2 ft × 2 ft), while the multi-
spectral pixels represent an area of 2.4 m Panchromatic Imagery
× 2.4 m (8 ft × 8 ft).
Color Composites With Panchromatic Band

The process of sharpening color composites with the pan

band can be performed using 3 most common of them:

• HSV (Higher Spatial Resolution) Sharpening

• Gram-Schmidt Pan-Sharpening
• The Brovey Transformation