TYPES OF FARMING

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
FARMING
PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE
COMMERCIAL FARMING
FARMING • Labour intensive
farming
• In the area of high
▪ Primitive tools population density
▪ • High doses of
Family/ community
labour biochemical inputs
▪ Low per Hect. and irrigation
PLANTATION
Production COMMERCIAL GRAIN
▪ Different name in FARMING
different part
▪ Large farm size ▪ Large farm size, high
▪ Higher doses of modern capital investment
inputs ▪ Migrant labourers
▪ High per hect. ▪ Produce used as raw
Production material in industry
▪ Production mainly focused ▪ Market oriented
on market
 TYPES OF FARMING
1. PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING :-
(i)Primitive subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools
like hoe , dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour.
(ii) This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other
environmental conditions to the crops grown .
(iii) It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture .
(iv) Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.

2. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING:-

(i) This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
(ii) It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used
for obtaining higher production.
(iii) Due to ‘right of inheritance’, In such type of farming the land holdings are small and scattered.
(iv) Areas where some facilities like irrigation and fertilisers are available to the farmers, farming has
improved and cash crops like cotton, jute , sugar and oil seed etc. are also grown.

3. COMMERCIAL FARMING:-
(i) The main characteristic of commercial type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs ,
e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to
obtain higher productivity.
(ii) The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example,
rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.
(iii) Commercial farming further sub divided into two parts (a) commercial Grain Farming & (b)
Plantation.
 PLANTATION

1. Plantation:-
(i) Plantation is also a type of commercial farming.
(ii) In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
(iii)The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry .
(iv) Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant
labourers.
(v) All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries .
(vi) In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane , banana, etc.. are important plantation crops.

2. Factors plays an important role in development of plantation:-

(i) The production in plantation is mainly for market, a well-developed
(a) Network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas,
(b) processing industries and
(c) Markets
Plays an important role in the development of plantations.
CROPPING PATTERN/ AGRICULTURAL SEASONS
 CROPPING PATTERN/ AGRICULTURAL SEASONS

Cropping Pattern/ Agricultural Seasons:-

a) Cropping pattern or season usually means the combination of crops within a given year.
b) Selection of crops for one season/pattern is depend upon the geographical and climatic condition
of the area.
c) India has three cropping seasons- rabi , kharif and zaid.

CROPPING SEASONS RABI KHARIF ZAID

BASIS
SOWNING Winter from With arrival of monsoon Between Rabi
October to (June last week) and Kharif
December
HARVESTING Summer from April Harvested in September –
to June October

Important crops Wheat, Barley, Paddy, maize , jowar, Watermelon,

peas, gram and bajra, tur, moong, urad, muskmelon,
mustard cotton, jute, groundnut cucumber,
and soyabean vegetables and
fodder crops
 Major crops
A. Food Crops (Grains)
S. CROPS SEASONS IMPORTANCE GEOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC LEADING PRODUCER IN
NO CONDITIONS INDIA

01 Rice Kharif ▪ Staple diet ▪ High Annual Rainfall(100cm) West Bangle, Tamil
▪ Main food crop ▪ High temp. (25 ° C ) Nadu, Punjab, Haryana
▪ High humidity

02 Wheat Rabi ▪ Main food crop in the north ▪ Cool growing season Punjab, Haryana, UP, Raj,
and north western India ▪ Bright sunshine MP & Bihar
▪ Annual rainfall (b/w 50 to
75cm)

03 Millets Kharif ▪ Very high nutritional value ▪ Rain fed crop Maharashtra,
▪ Second order staple food Karnataka, Andhra
(Jawar) Pradesh, MP
04 Millets Kharif ▪ Staple food ▪ Sandy soil Raj, UP,
▪ Shallow black soil Maharashtra,
(Bajra) Haryana, Guj
05 Millets Kharif ▪ Rich in iron, calcium & other ▪ Dry region, red, black even Karnataka, TN,
(Ragi) micro nutrients sandy soil Jharkhand, UK, HP
▪ Rain fed crop

06 Pulses ▪ Major source of protein in ▪ Less moisture & survive even MP, Maharashtra,,
vegetarian diet in dry seasons UP, Raj, & Karnataka
▪ Restore soil fertility

07 Maize Kharif ▪ Use for both food and fodder ▪ Temp b/w 21° to 27°C Karnataka, UP, Bihar, AP,
In Bihar ( ▪ Old alluvial soil ( Bangar) is Telangana, MP
both Rabi good
& Kharif)
 B. Food crops other than Grains
S.No Crops Nature Importance Geographical and Major
climatic conditions Producing
Area
01 Sugarcane Plantation Main source of Sugar, ▪ Tropical and sub-tropical UP,
Jaggary, Khandsari & crop Maharashtra,
Molasses ▪ Temp 21° to 27° c Karnataka. AP,
▪ Annual Rainfall b/w 75 Telangana, Bihar
to 100 cm
02 Oil seeds Cash crops/ ▪ Use in cooking Groundnut, sesamum Groundnut-
Plantation ▪ Raw materials for (Kharif) Gujarat
shop industry Coconut- Kerala,
Lineseed and mustard (Rabi) TN
Soyabean- raj
03 Te Plantation Beverage ▪ Tropical and sub-tropical Assam, Hills of
a with deep and fertile Darjeeling
well drain soil and
▪ Warm and moist frost Jalpaiguri, TN,
free days Kerala

04 Coffee Plantation Beverage ▪ Tropical climatic Baba Budan Hills,

conditions Nilgiri in
Karnataka,
Kerala, TN
 C. Horticulture crops

S. No Crops States
01 Apple Kashmir, HP, UK
02 Litchi Bihar, UP, Tripura, West Bengal,
Punjab, & Haryana
03 Grapes Maharashtra, AP, Karnataka, & TN
04 Pineapple West Bengal, Kerala, Karnataka,
Bihar, Goa, & Maharashtra
05 Bananas TN,, Maharashtra, Gujarat, AP, &
Karnataka
06 Oranges Maharashtra, MP, Punjab

07 Mango Gujarat, Maharashtra, UP, West

Bengal, Bihar, AP
 D. Non- Food Crops

S. No Crops Nature Importance Geographical and climatic states

conditions
01 Rubber Plantation (cash Industrial raw ▪ Moist and humid Kerala, TN,
crops) material ( mainly for ▪ Rainfall more than Karnataka, A & N
tyre industry) 200cm Islands
▪ Temp above 25
02 Cotton ( Fibre Plantation ( cash • Prime raw ▪ Black soil Maharashtra,
crops) crops) materials for ▪ 210 frost free days Gujarat, MP,
cotton textiles ▪ Bright sunshine Karnataka, AP,
industries ▪ It’s a kharif crops TN, UP
03 Jute (Fibre Plantation ( cash ▪ Prime raw • Grow well in on well WB, Bihar,
crops) crops) material for jute drained soil Jharkhand,
textile industry • High Temp. Assam, Orissa
▪ Use in making
gunny bags,
mats, carpet etc
 Institutional And Technological Reforms

(1) Abolition of Zamindari

(2) Land Re- distribution (Chakbandi)
(3) Green Revolution
(4) White Revolution
(5) Comprehensive Development Programme
(a) Crop Insurance
(b) Gramin Bank (Estb. Of Gramin Bank)
(c) Kissan Credit card
(d) Personal Insurance
(6) Minimum Support Price (Limited to paddy, Wheat, Millets, & Pulses)
(7) Awareness Programme for Farmers
(Krishi Darshan/AIR, Special weather Bulletins)
(8) Kissan Call Centers (in vernacular language)
(9) Establishment of research institute and Universities.
(PUSA, Punjab Technical University IARI etc.)
 IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON AGRICULTURE

History of Globalisation
• In 19th century European come to India for Indian spices. DAY
• During British era Demand of Cotton, Rice Indigo were high. 8

Positive Impact of Globalisation

(a) Reach to the International market

(b) Help in understanding of global trends in farming.
(c) Introduce new machines and tools.

Negative Impact of Globalisation

(d) Global organisation like WTO are against the subsidy and MSP.
(e) Farmers diversify their cropping patterns from cereals to high value crops. (They
more focused on market crops)
(f) To meet the market demands farmers start using wrong methods of agriculture.
(g) High Competition with organic farming. (due to market demand)
Contribution of Agriculture to the national economy
✓ Contribution of Agriculture in GDP and in employment in 1951

✓ Contribution of Agriculture in GDP and in employment Present

Causes of decrease in contribution of Agriculture

(a) Reduction in public investment in agriculture (irrigation, Power, Purchasing etc.)

(b) International competition.
(c) Subsidy on fertilizers as decreased.
(d) Reduction on import duties.
(e) Poor rural infrastructure.
 Q6. Make table of major crops
Q7. Enlist the various institutional and technological reforms introduce by the government
in the interest of farmers.

Q8. Why do we need to have technical and institutional reforms in India?

Ans:
(i) Agriculture has been practised in India for thousands of years. Sustained uses of land without
compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development.
In
(ii)spite of development of sources of irrigation, most of the farmers in large parts of the country still
depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture.
For
(iii) a growing population, this poses a serious challenge.

Note: Q1 to Q7 answers can be seen from slides

Q9. The land under cultivation has got reduce day by day. What are its consequences?
Ans:- (i) An increase in population paired with declining area of land under cultivation could lead serious food grain
shortage.
(ii) This would result in increase in the imports of food grains would cause the economy to reel under huge debt.
(iii)Due to reduce in total land under cultivation and increase in population. The pressure over land is going to increase.
Which further lead farmers to use more fertilisers and chemical components. Its increase the soil erosion and land
degradation.

Q10. Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.

Ans:
(i) In the nineteenth century when European traders came to India, at that time too, Indian spices were exported to
different countries of the world and farmers of south India were encouraged to grow these crops.
During
(ii) the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British and ultimately cotton was exported to Britain as a
raw material for their textile industries.
The
(iii) situation changed for the Indian farmers post liberalisation-Globalisation, they faced new challenges in the form
of competition from highly subsidies agriculture of developed nations.
Indian
(iv) farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This will increase incomes and
reduce environmental degradation simultaneously.
Q11. Why has Indian agriculture started a declining trend in food production? Explain.
Ans:
(i) There is reduction in public investment in agriculture sector particularly in power production, rural infrastructural
development, and purchasing of agricultural productions.
Subsidy
(ii) on fertilisers has also decreased since the cost of production has increased.
Agricultural
(iii) products which are imported have low prices because of low import duty, giving competition to Indian
farmers.
Indian
(iv) farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition. Due to highly subsidised agriculture in these
countries.