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IDENTIFICATION
Agriculture
India is an agriculturally important country.

Others

Two-thirds of its
population is engaged
in agricultural
activities
 Types of Farming

Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming

Primitive Subsistence Plantation

Farming

Intensive Subsistence
Farming

Primitive Subsistence Farming
Intensive Subsistence Farming
❏ Practised on small patches of land
❏ Farming is done using primitive tools
like hoe, dao and digging sticks
❏ Family/ community labour is involved in
Farming
❏ Depends on Monsoon
❏ Suited for High Population
❏ It is labour intensive farming
❏ Usage of chemical fertilizers for
higher productivity
❏ The ‘right of inheritance’ leading to
the division of land by making
land-holding size uneconomical.
 ❏ Agricultural practice on a large scale by using modern
Commercial Farming technology to earn good income is called commercial
farming.
❏

❏ A single crop is grown on a large area

Plantation Farming ❏ The plantation has an interface of agriculture and
industry:
- Cover large tracts of land.
- Capital intensive inputs.
- Migrant labourers.
- Raw material for industries in produced.
- Well developed network of transport and
communication is essential.
 Slash and Burning Cultivation -In ‘slash and burn’ agriculture farmers clear a patch of
land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family

Primitive Cultivation
INDIA Other Countries
★ Bewar/Dahiya - Madhya Pradesh

★ Jhumming - Assam, ★ Milpa - Mexico and ★ Podu/Penda - Andhra Pradesh

Meghalaya, Mizoram Central America
★ Pama Dabi/Koman/ Bringa -
and Nagaland ★ Conuco - Venezuela Odisha
★ Pamlou - Manipur ★ Roca - Brazil ★ Kumari - Western Ghats
★ Dipa - Bastar district ★ Masole - Central Africa ★ Valre/Waltre - South-eastern
of Chhattisgarh, and Rajasthan
in Andaman and ★ Ladang - Indonesia
Nicobar Islands ★ Khil - Himalayan belt
★ Ray - Vietnam.
★ Kuruwa - Jharkhand

★ Jhumming - North-eastern region

 PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE
➔ Practised on small patches of land
➔ Primitive tools are used - like hoe,
dao and digging sticks, etc
➔ Depend upon rainfall
➔ Manure is used to maintain soil
fertility
➔ Family members provide labour
➔ Low production
➔ Only cereals and other food crops
are grown
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
➔ The land holdings are
comparatively bigger.
➔ Modern machines are used -
harvester, thresher, etc.
➔ Irrigation facilities - tubewells,
canals are required
➔ Modern inputs - chemical
fertilizers, pesticides are used.
➔ Labourers might be hired.
➔ Higher production
➔ Variety of crops are grown, also
sold in the market for profit
 CROPPING PATTERN

KHARIF RABI ZAID

SOWN Onset of monsoon [June - In winter [October - March - April

July] November]

HARVESTING TIME In September - October Summer [March - April] May - June

CROPS Paddy, maize, jowar, Wheat, barley, peas gram and Watermelon,
bajra, tur, moong, urad, mustards. muskmelon,
cotton, jute, groundnut cucumber, vegetable
and soybean. and fodder crops.

IRRIGATION/ Rainfall monsoon, coastal precipitation during winter

PRECIPITATION areas months due to the western
temperate cyclones helps in
the success of these crops.
Green Revolution- Punjab,
Haryana, western Uttar
Pradesh and parts of
Rajasthan
 Major crops grown in India are

Food Crops other Non-Food

Food Crops than Grains Crops

Rice Sugarcane Rubber

Wheat Oil seeds Fiber Crops

Millets Tea Cotton

Pulses Coffee Jute

Maize Horticulture
Crops
 Major Food Crops

CROP CLIMATE LOCATION

RICE Kharif High Temperature (>25) China, India- Plains of North and
High Humidity- average NE India, Coastal regions and
(staple food) rainfall- (>100 cm) deltaic regions, canal irrigation,
tubewells- possible to grow rice in
punjab, haryana, western UP,
parts of Rajasthan

WHEAT Rabi Cool growing season 1. Ganga- Sutlej Plains in N.W.

and bright sunshine 2. Black soil region of the
during harvest, 50-75 deccan
cm of even rainfall
St: Punjab, Haryana, UP, MP,
Bihar, Rajasthan
 Major Food Crops

CROP Season CLIMATE LOCATION

MAIZE Kharif Temp- 21-27, Karnataka, MP, UP, Bihar, AP,

(food & fodder) old alluvial soil Telangana
Bihar- Rabi

PULSES Kharif- Arhar, Less moisture, MP, Rajasthan, UP, Maharashtra,

Urad, Moong leguminous crop- helps Karnataka
(Largest in soil fertility except
producer & Rabi- Gram, Pea arhar, rotational crop
consumer)
 Major Food Crops

Millets Importance CLIMATE LOCATION

Jowar Third most It is a rain-fed crop, Karnataka,

important Food crop grown mostly in moist Andhra Pradesh, M.P., and
with respect to area areas that hardly needs Maharashtra.
& production. Irrigation.

Bajra Grows well on sandy

soils and shallow black
soil.

Ragi Rich in iron, Dry region crop & grows Karnataka, Tamil
calcium,other well on red, black, Nadu, H.P., Uttarakhand,
micronutrients & sandy,loamy, and Sikkim, Jharkhand, and
Roughage. shallow black Arunachal Pradesh.
Soils.
 Food Crops other than Grains

CROP CLIMATE LOCATION

SUGARCANE Hot and humid - Brazil, India

(Tropical and sub) 21-27 UP, TN, Maharashtra,
Rainfall- 75-100 Karnataka, Bihar, Punjab,
Haryana, AP

OIL SEEDS Kharif- Groundnut, GUJARAT, RAJASTHAN,

Groundnut, sesame, Sesamum in north india, AP- GN
soybean, coconut, castor seeds
castor seeds, cotton
seeds, linseed, Rabi- Sesamum in south
sunflower- cooking, india, castor seeds,
raw material in prod Linseed, Mustard seed
of soaps,
condiments,
ointments
 Food Crops other than Grains

CROP CLIMATE LOCATION

TEA Deep and fertile Assam, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri

well-drained soil, rich in district, West Bengal, Kerala, TN
(labour humus Warm and moist,
intensive) frost free climate, evenly 2016- India- 2nd largest
distributed rainfall

COFFEE Arabica variety from yemen- into

in Baba Budan Hills, Nilgiri in
Karnataka, Kerala, TN
 Food Crops other than Grains - Horticultural Crops

CROP LOCATION

Mango Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West

Bengal

Oranges Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)

Bananas Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu

Litchi and guava Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

Pineapples Meghalaya

Grapes Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra

Apples, pears, apricots Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh

and walnuts
 Non Food Crops

CROP CLIMATE LOCATION

RUBBER Rabi Moist and humid climate Kerala, TN, Karnataka, Garo hills ,
Temp- > 25 Andaman and nic islands
Rainfall- > 200 cm

COTTON KHARIF- 6-8 Drier parts of black soil,
Months to mature High temp, Light rainfall
or irrigation, 210 frost
free days, bright
sunshine
2016- 2nd largest producer
Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP, TN,
AP, Telangana, UP, Haryana

JUTE/Golden Kharif Well drained fertile soil in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam,
fibre floodplains, High temp at Orissa, Meghalaya
time of growth
 Technological and Institutional Reforms

Government Initiatives
Technological Reforms

➔ Sustained uses of land without ➔ Land Reforms

compatible
techno-institutional changes
have hindered the pace of
agricultural development
➔ Most of the farmers still believe
on monsoon and natural
fertility of soil rather than
irrigation
➔ Green Revolution
➔ White Revolution (Operation
Flood)
➔ Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
➔ Personal Accident Insurance
Scheme (PAIS)
➔ Crop Insurance
➔ Special weather bulletins and
agricultural programmes for
farmers
➔ Minimum support price
➔ Remunerative and procurement
prices
 Technological and Institutional Reforms

Green revolution means rapid increase in agricultural

Green Revolution production by the use of seeds of high yielding variety,
chemical fertilizers and new technology.

➔ Green revolution led to the concentration of

development in few selected areas
➔ Tried for Wheat and Rice crop only
 MOST REPEATED PYQs

● State the characteristics of primitive subsistence farming.

● Which are the main cropping seasons in India? Mention their
growing and harvesting periods.
● Explain the technical and institutional reforms brought by the
government to improve the condition of Indian agriculture in the
1980s and 1990s.
● Describe any three main features of ‘Rabi crop season.’/ Kharif
● What are the growing conditions required for the main staple food
crop of India? Mention the main growing regions. [2015]
● Why is agriculture called the backbone of the Indian economy?
Explain.
Kharif crops are grown:

A
with the onset of monsoon and
harvested in September-October

B
with the onset of winter and
harvested in summer

C
with onset of Autumn and harvested
in summer

D None of the above

The two main wheat growing regions are:

A The Ganga-Sutlej plains and the Deccan

Trap

B North-eastern part and eastern-coastal

plains

C Deccan plateau and Konkan coast

D None of the Above

A A(ii), B (iii), C(iv), D (i)

B A (iii), B(ii), C(i), D(iv

C A (ii), B(i), C(iii), D(iv)

D A (iii), B(iv), C(i), D(ii

Which of the following conditions can spoil tea crop?

A Frequent showers evenly distributed over

the year

B Frost free climate

C Deep fertile well drained soil

D
Clayey soil which has high water holding
capacity
Facilities like irrigation,, awareness about modern techniques of agriculture, kissan credit cards, provision
of crop insurance, personal accident insurance scheme, special weather bulletins and minimum support
price are all a part of

A Technical and institutional measure

B Input measures

C Physical measure

D Human resource
As per the map given which among the following is a minor area of rice production

A A.Bihar

B B.Haryana

C
C.West Bengal

D D.Assam
 Mineral and
Energy Resources
What is a Mineral?

A mineral is defined as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a

definable internal structure.”

★ Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging

from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.

★ Rocks are combinations of homogeneous

substances called minerals. Formation depends
upon the physical and chemical conditions.

★ Majority of the rock consist ➢ Wide range of colours

of several minerals in Properties ➢ Hardness
varying proportions. ➢ Crystal forms
➢ Lustre
➢ Density
 MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS

The term ore is used to describe an

Minerals are usually found in “ores”. accumulation of any mineral mixed
with other elements.

Veins & Lodes

Beds and Layers

Residual mass of weathered material

Alluvial Deposits

Minerals from sea bed

Veins & Lodes
In igneous and metamorphic rocks
minerals may occur in the cracks,
crevices, faults or joints
❖ Tin, Copper, Zinc and Lead.

Beds and Layers

Mostly found in sedimentary rocks and

formed as a result of deposition,
accumulation and concentration in
horizontal strata.

❖ Coal and iron ore

❖ Gypsum and Potash salt
Residual mass of weathered material
Decomposition and the removal of soluble constituents,
leaving a residual mass of weathered material
containing ores.
❖ Bauxite

Alluvial Deposits
Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of
valley floors and the base of hills. Placer deposits
❖ Gold, silver, tin and platinum

Minerals from sea bed

The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals found to
be diffused in water
❖ Common salt, magnesium, bromine and manganese
nodules.
Distribution of mineral resources is uneven

● peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic

minerals, mica and many other non-metallic minerals.

● Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the

peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum
deposits.

● Rajasthan with the rock systems of the peninsula, has reserves

of many non-ferrous minerals.

● The vast alluvial plains of north India are almost devoid of

economic minerals.
These variations exist largely because of the differences in
the geological structure, processes and time involved in
the formation of minerals
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
Minerals

Energy
Metallic Minerals
Minerals
Non Metallic Ex:Coal,Petroleum
and Natural Gas
Minerals
Ferrous

Ex:Mica,salt,potash
,limestone etc
Non-Ferrous

Precious
Minerals
 Ferrous

Ferrous Importance Properties Application Places Found

Mineral

Iron Ore Iron ore is the Magnetite is the finest Magnetite - excellent India is rich in good
basic mineral and iron ore with a very high magnetic qualities, quality iron ores.
the backbone of content of iron up to 70 helps in electrical
industrial per cent, industry
development Hematite has lower iron 97% of iron ore - Odisha,
content compared to Chhattisgarh, Karnataka
. Magnetite. (50-60 per Hematite - most and Jharkhand.
cent). important industrial iron
ore in terms of the 3% - other states
quantity used.

Manganese Manganese is ❏ Manufacturing

mainly used in bleaching powder,
the insecticides and
manufacturing paints
 Iron-Ore Belts

Belt Location Type of iron-ore Exports Importance

➢ Odisha:High grade hematite ore is Haematite

found in Badampahar mines in the
Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar
Odisha-Jharkhand
➢ Jharkhand:Singhbhum district of
Jharkhand haematite iron ore is mined
in Gua and Noamundi

Haematite Japan and best physical

Bailadila range of hills in Bastar district of super high grade South Korea properties needed for
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Chhattisgarh via steel making
Vishakapatnam
ports

Kudremukh mines in the Western Ghats of The ore is 100% export Kudremukh deposits
Karnataka transported as units are known to be one of
Bellary-Chitradurga- slurry through a the largest in the
Chikmagalur-Tumkur pipeline to a port world.
near Mangalore

state of Goa and Ratnagiri districts of The ores are not of exported
Maharashtra very high quality, through
Maharashtra-Goa they are efficiently Marmagao
exploited port
Place State

Kudremukh Karnataka

Bellary Karnataka

Bailadila Chhattisgarh

Durg Chhattisgarh

Mayurbhanj Odisha
 Non - Ferrous

Non Ferrous Importance Properties Application Places Found

Mineral

Copper India is critically Malleable, ductile and In electrical ● Balaghat mines in

deficient in the reserve a good conductor cables Madhya Pradesh,
and production of Electronics ● Khetri mines in Rajasthan
copper. Chemical ● Singhbhum district of
Jharkhand
industries.

Bauxite It is a clay like Aluminium is an Bauxite ● The Amarkantak

substance where important metal plateau
alumina and later because it combines ● Maikal hills
Aluminium is obtained the strength of metals Alumina ● plateau region of
from bauxite. such as iron, with Bilaspur-Katni.
extreme lightness
and also with good Aluminium Odisha was the largest bauxite
conductivity and great producing state in India in
malleability 2016-17. Panchpatmali
deposits in Koraput district
are the most important
bauxite deposits in the state

Non Metallic Characteristics
minerals
Mineral
1.Mica is a mineral
made up of a series of
plates or leaves.
2.It splits easily into thin
sheets.
Mica 3.Thousand sheets can
be layered into a mica
sheet of a few
centimeters high.
4.Mica can be clear,
black, green, red yellow
or brown
Non - Metallic Minerals
Properties Application Places Found
1.Excellent dielectric electric and ★ Northern edge of the
strength electronic Chota Nagpur plateau.
industries.
2.Low power loss ★ Koderma Gaya –
factor Hazaribagh belt of
Jharkhand is the leading
3.Insulating properties producer.
4.Resistance to high ★ In Rajasthan -Ajmer
voltage
★ Nellore mica belt of AP
 Rock Minerals

Rock Mineral Characteristics Application

Limestone It is composed of 1.Limestone is the

calcium carbonates basic raw material for
or calcium and the cement industry
magnesium 2.Smelting iron ore in
carbonates. the blast furnace.

It is found in
sedimentary rocks
 HAZARDS OF MINING

1. The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miner - Pulmonary

diseases
2. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coal
mines
3. Contamination of water
4. Pollution - Dumping,Degradation
 CONSERVATION

1. Minerals are a non-renewable resource

2. It takes million of years for minerals to be formed
3. Workable Minerals availability is very less
4. Continuous extraction of minerals leads to increase
in cost

CONSERVE

1. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other

substitutes to conserve minerals
2. Improved technologies need to be evolved
 Energy Resources

Conventional sources
Non -Conventional sources

1.Coal 1.Nuclear Energy

2.Solar Energy
2.Petroleum
Tidal energy
3.Natural gas
4.Geothermal Energy
4.Electricity 5.Thermal Energy
 Conventional sources

Convention Formation Properties Places Found Uses

al sources

Coal Formed due the Coal is a bulky Gondwana coal:Damodar ★ For power
compression of material, which valley (West Bengal generation
plant material over loses weight on use Jharkhand).
millions of years as it is reduced to ➢ Jharia, Raniganj, ★ To supply energy to
ash Bokaro are industry and for
Variety changes important coalfields. domestic needs.
depending on the
degrees of ➢ The Godavari,
compression and Mahanadi, Son and
the depth and time Wardha valleys also
of burial contain coal
deposits.

Tertiary coal :The north

eastern states of
Meghalaya, Assam,
Arunachal Pradesh and
Nagaland
 Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.

Anthracite

● Coal that has been buried deep and

❖ Lignite is a low grade brown coal subjected to increased temperatures is
❖ It is soft and has high moisture
Bituminous bituminous coal.
content coal ● Metallurgical coal is high grade
❖ The principal lignite reserves are in bituminous coal which has a special
Neyveli in Tamil and used for value for smelting iron in blast
Electricity generation
Lignite furnaces.

● It is the most popular coal in

commercial use.
Peat
❖ Decaying plants in swamps produce peat.
❖ It has a low carbon and high moisture
contents and low heating capacity
Place State

Raniganj West Bengal

Bokaro Jharkhand

Talcher Odisha

Neyveli Tamil Nadu

 Conventional sources

Convention Formation Properties Places Found Uses

al sources

Petroleum Petroleum Petroleum is also Mumbai High Petroleum refineries act as

occurrences in found in fault traps a “nodal industry” for
India are between porous Gujarat - Ankleshwar synthetic textile,
associated with and non-porous Assam: fertiliser and numerous
anticlines and fault rocks. chemical industries.
traps in the rock ● Digboi
formations of the Gas, being lighter ● Naharkatiya
tertiary age usually occurs ● Moran-Hugrijan
above the oil.
Place State

Bassein Maharashtra

Mumbai high Maharashtra

Ankleshwar Gujarat

Kalol Gujarat

Digboi Assam

Naharkatia Assam
 Conventional sources

Convention Formation Properties Places Found Uses

al sources

Natural Natural Gas is found India’s gas ● The Mumbai High Domestic and industrial
Gas with petroleum infrastructure has fuel.
deposits and is expanded over ten ● The Cambay basin.
released when times from 1,700 km To generate
● Along the East
crude oil is brought to 18,500 km of Coast, new electricity
to the surface. cross-country reserves in the
pipelines and is For heating purpose
Krishna-Godavari
expected to soon basin. As transport fuel and as
reach over 34, 000
cooking fuel
km as Gas Grid by ● The first 1,700 km
linking all gas long
sources Hazira-Vijaipur-Ja
gdishpur (HVJ)
 Electricity Generation

Conventional Formation Properties Places Found

sources

Hydro Hydro electricity is ● Bhakra Nangal

electricity generated by fast
flowing water, which is ● Damodar Valley
a renewable resource corporation

● The Kopili Hydel

Project etc.

Thermal Thermal electricity is power stations use

Electricity generated by using non-renewable fossil
coal, petroleum and fuels for generating
natural gas. electricity.
 Non Conventional sources

Non Properties Places Found Uses

Conventional
sources

Nuclear or ❏ It is obtained ● Uranium and Thorium ● Used for generating

Atomic by altering the are available in atomic or nuclear
structure of Jharkhand and the power.
Energy
atoms Aravalli ranges of
Rajasthan
❏ Energy is
released in ● The Monazite sands of
the form of Kerala is also rich in
heat and this Thorium
is used to
generate
electric
power.
Place State

Narora Uttar Pradesh

Kakrapar Gujarat

Tarapur Maharashtra

Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu

 Non Conventional sources

Non Properties Uses

Conventional
sources

Solar Energy ● India is a ★ Photovoltaic technology

tropical country. converts sunlight directly
● It has enormous into electricity.
possibilities of
tapping solar
energy.
 Non Conventional sources

Non Formation Properties Places Found Uses

Conventional
sources

Wind Energy India has great The largest wind farm cluster is Electricity
potential of wind located in Tamilnadu from
power. Nagercoil to Madurai.

Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat,

Kerala, Maharashtra and
Lakshadweep

Biogas Decomposition of It has higher ★ Biogas plants are set up ➔ Energy

organic matter thermal efficiency at municipal, ➔ Improved
yields gas. in comparison to
cooperative and quality of
kerosene, dung
cake and charcoal. individual levels. manure.

The plants using

cattle dung are
known as ‘Gobar
gas plants’
 Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity.

Tidal Energy Places Found :

● The Gulf of Khambhat

● The Gulf of Kachchh in Gujarat on the western coast
● Gangetic delta in Sundarban regions of West Bengal
 ★ Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by
Geothermal Energy using the heat from the interior of the Earth.
★ Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively
hotter with increasing depth.
★ Places Found :
○ In the Parvati valley near Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
○ The Puga Valley, Ladakh

GroundWater Absorbs Heat from Rocks

Becomes Hot and Rises to earth's surface .It Turns into

stream
Conservation of Energy Resources

● Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.

● Used for - Agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and
domestic – needs inputs of energy.

★ To develop a sustainable path of energy development.

★ Using more of public transport system

★ Switching off electrical devices when not in use

★ Using non-conventional sources of energy

★ Getting the power equipment regularly checked

 Describe any three non-conventional sources of energy.

Non-conventional sources of energy are :

(i) Solar Energy : India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of trapping solar
energy. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is quickly
becoming popular in rural and remote areas.

(ii) Wind Energy : India now ranks as a ‘wind super power’ in the world. Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms.
Nagercoil and Jaisalmer are well-known for effective use of wind energy in the country.

(iii) Biogas: Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for
domestic consumption in rural areas. Biogas plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar Gas
Plants’ in rural India. These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and
improved quality of manure.
 ‘Energy saved is energy produced.’ Assess the statement. (SQP 2020, Board
2017,2023)

“Energy saved is energy produced”.

(i) Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin
planks of sustainable energy.

(ii) India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world.

(iii) We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.

(iv) Using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.

(v) Switching off electricity when not in use.

(vi) Using power-saving devices and using nonconventional sources of energy.

How can solar energy solve the energy problem to some extent in India? Give your opinion.
(Term-II 2015) OR. Why is solar energy fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas of India?
Explain. [CBSE 2014]

(i) India is a tropical country, therefore it receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year.

(ii) Solar plant can be easily established in rural and remote areas.

(iii) It will minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes which in
turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate quantity of manure.

(iv) Solar energy is an important alternate source. Use of solar energy will reduce the
pressure on conventional sources of energy.
‘There is a pressing need to use non-conventional energy sources in India.’ Analyze the
statement with reasons.

There is a pressing need to use non-conventional sources of energy in India:

● Because of the growing consumption of energy, the country is becoming

increasingly dependent on fossil fuels.
● Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised
uncertainties about the security of the energy supply in the future.
● These can have serious repercussions on the growth of the national
economy.
● Increasing the use of fossil fuels also causes environmental problems.
 Analyze the impact of mining activities on the local environment and the
health of the surrounding communities.

The hazards of mining or the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the
environment are given below:
1. The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary
diseases.
2. The risk of collapsing mine roofs inundation and fires in coal mines are a constant threat to
miners.
3. The fact that mining is one of the most dangerous jobs, mining usually has a negative
impact on the environment with the production of a lot of waste.
4. Disruption to the local flora and fauna, and contamination of local water sources.
5. It could require the removal of massive amounts of topsoil, leading to erosion, loss of habitat
and pollution.
In which of the following parts or states do the tertiary coal deposits occur?

A Coastal and Seaside states

B Northern States

C North-eastern states

D Eastern states
Choose the odd one out

A Anthracite, Bituminous

B Bituminous, Peat

C Hematite, Anthracite

D Peat, Lignite
Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual
mass of weathered material?

A Coal

B Bauxite

C Gold

D Zinc
6599 5781
Which of the following minerals is an important raw material in the iron and
steel industry apart from iron?
(a) Mica
(b) Aluminium
(c) Gypsum
(d) Manganese
Choose the correctly matched pair about the agriculture in India
from the following options:

(a) Rabi crops - October to December

(b) Gram- paddy crops
(c) Aus, Aman and boro- Government schemes
(d) Kisan credit card – Increased the production
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