DFC10212

PROBLEM SOLVING &

PROGRAM DESING
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

1
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME:

■ Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

1. Explain the basic computer and fundamentals of programming languages in a given
scenario.
2. Demonstrate effective communication both on orally or in writing about problem
solving skills by using different types of programming tools to solve a given problem.

2
SPECIFIC OUTCOME

■ 1.1 Describe the Programming language

■ 1.2 Describe fundamentals of programming languages

3
4
1.1 DESCRIBE THE
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE

5
6
7
8
9
 HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE

1967 – The 1980s The 1990s : Current

The 1940s The 1950s 1978 • C++, Internet age trend
Before1940 Objecyive-C,
Plankalkül , and 1960s • Logo, B, • Haskell, • C#, Visual
The Pascal, Forth, Ada,Commo Python, Basic . NET,
ENIAC FORTRAN C, Smalltalk, n Lisp, Eiffel, Visual Basic, F#, Scala,
languages Erlang, Perl,
coding , LISP, Prolog, ML, Ruby, Lua, Factor,
were Codes Scheme, SQL Tcl, FL CLOS, Java, Windows
system COBOL
Delphi, Poer shell,
JavaScript, Clojure,
PHP, Rebol, Groovy, Go
D

10
 1.1.2) Differentiate the different types of programming
languages

1. Machine language
2. Assembly language
3. High Level Language

11
TECHNOLOGY OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
Machine Languages
• Using Vacuum Tubes

Assembly Languages
• Using Transistor

3rd Generation Languages

• Using Integrated Circuits

4th Generation Languages

• Using Microprocessors

5th Generation Languages

• Using Artificial Intelligence
12
 1) MACHINE LANGUAGES
(FIRST GENERATION)
A set of instructions for a
specific central processing
Only languages understood
Also called machine language unit, designed to be usable by
by computers
a computer without being
translated

Every CPU has its own

unique machine language.
Impossible for humans to use
The lowest-level Programs must be rewritten
because they consist entirely
programming language or recompiled, therefore, to
of numbers
run on different types of
computers.

13
 2) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES
(SECOND GENERATION)
a low-level programming
language for computers,
microprocessors,
microcontrollers, and other
programmable devices
implements a symbolic
representation of the machine
codes and other constants
needed to program a given CPU
architecture
usually defined by the hardware
manufacturer, and is based on
mnemonics that symbolize
processing steps (instructions),
processor registers, memory
locations, and other language
features

same structure and set of

commands as machine an assembly language program
languages, but they enable a written for one type of CPU
programmer to use names won't run on another
instead of numbers

14
 3) 3rd GENERATION LANGUAGES

Example:
a refinement of Fortran,
make the Most 3GLs
a second- ALGOL, and
languages more High level support
generation COBOL, C, C+
programmer- language structured
programming +, C#, Java,
friendly programming
language BASIC and
Delphi

15
 4) 4th GENERATION LANGUAGES

a programming language or programming environment designed with a specific

purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business software

to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of
software development

fourth-generation languages are programming languages closer to human

languages than typical high-level programming languages. (COBOL)

Most 4GLs are used to access databases

16
 5) 5th GENERATION LANGUAGES

a programming language based around solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using
an algorithm written by a programmer

designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer - the programmer only needs to
worry about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without worrying about how to
implement a routine or algorithm to solve them

based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition

Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. Prolog, OPS5, and Mercury

17
18