definition image

• The Cold War was a period of

geopolitical tension between the
United States and the Soviet Union
and their respective allies, the
Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc,
which began following World War II

Cold War
392

• The Cold War was an ongoing • It was waged mainly on

political rivalry between the
United States and the Soviet
Union and their respective allies
that developed after World War
II
What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN)
political, economic, and
propaganda fronts and lasted
until 1991.
Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)
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• The strategy of "containment" is

best known as a Cold War foreign
policy of the United States and its
allies to prevent the spread of
communism after the end of World
War II.
containment
393

• Containment represented a • George F. Kennan, a career Foreign

middle-ground position between
detente (relaxation of relations)
and rollback (actively replacing a
regime).
Service Officer, formulated the
policy of “containment,” the basic
United States strategy for fighting
the cold war (1947–1989) with the
Soviet Union.

What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN) Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)

 definition image

• The Marshall Plan was a U.S.-sponsored

program that was implemented following the
end of World War II. It was intended to aid
European countries that had been destroyed as
a result of the war, and it was laid out by U.S.
Secretary of State George Marshall during an
address at Harvard University in 1947.

Marshall Plan
394

• It was enacted in 1948 and • The United States transferred

provided more than $15 billion over $13 billion in economic
to help finance rebuilding efforts recovery programs to Western
on the continent. European economies after the
end of World War II.

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 definition image

• The North Atlantic Treaty

Organization, also called the North
Atlantic Alliance, is an
intergovernmental military alliance
between 28 European countries and
2 North American countries.

NATO
394

• The North Atlantic Treaty • The organization implements

Organization (NATO) is one of the the North Atlantic Treaty that
world's major international was signed on 4 April 1949.
institutions. It is a political and
military Alliance of 28 member
countries from Europe and North
America.
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 definition image

• The Warsaw Pact was established as a

balance of power or counterweight to
NATO. There was no direct military
confrontation between them;
instead, the conflict was fought on an
ideological basis and in proxy wars.

Warsaw Pact
394

• The Warsaw Pact provided for a
unified military command and
the systematic ability to
strengthen the Soviet hold over
the other participating countries.
• Was the Warsaw Pact communist?
• The Soviet Union and its affiliated
Communist nations in Eastern
Europe founded a rival alliance,
the Warsaw Pact, in 1955.

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• The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete

barrier that physically and ideologically
divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.
Construction of the wall was
commenced by the German Democratic
Republic on 13 August 1961

Berlin Wall
395

• The official purpose of this Berlin • The Wall cut off West Berlin
Wall was to keep so-called Western from surrounding East
“fascists” from entering East Germany, including East Berlin.
Germany and undermining the
socialist state, but it primarily
served the objective of stemming
mass defections from East to West
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 definition image

• Mutual assured destruction (MAD)

is a doctrine of military strategy and
national security policy in which a
full-scale use of nuclear weapons by
two or more opposing sides.

MAD
396

• mutual assured destruction, principle • Mutually Assured Destruction,

of deterrence founded on the notion
that a nuclear attack by one
superpower would be met with an
overwhelming nuclear counterattack
such that both the attacker and the
defender would be annihilated.
What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN)
or mutually assured deterrence
(MAD), is a military theory that
was developed to deter the use
of nuclear weapons.
Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)
 definition image

• A proxy war is an armed conflict

between two states or non-state
actors which act on the
instigation or on behalf of other
parties that are not directly .

Proxy wars
Described on 397

• The Vietnam War was described as • States sometimes use less

a civil war within South Vietnam,
although it became a proxy war
between Cold War powers. As a
result, the Vietnamese suffered the
highest casualties in the conflict.
What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN)
powerful states as proxies but
more often use violent non-
state actors, mercenaries, and
other third parties, such as
during in a civil war.
Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)
 definition image

• The Great Leap Forward of the Click icon to add picture

People's Republic of China was an
economic and social campaign led
by the Chinese Communist Party
from 1958 to 1962.
Great Leap
Forward
410
• The Great Leap Forward was a • Chairman Mao Zedong launched
failure because of the following the campaign to reconstruct the
reasons: The Cultural Revolution country from an agrarian
was a failure because Mao's Red economy into a communist
Guards attackerd anyone society through the formation of
consdiered bourgeous. people's communes.

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 definition image

• Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung is

a book of statements from speeches and
writings by Mao Zedong, the former
Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party,
published from 1964 to about 1976 and
widely distributed during the Cultural
Revolution.

Little Red Book

410

Based in Shanghai, this innovative • Xiaohongshu allows users to post

app helps over 100 million users -
mostly younger women - to
discover and review beauty and
health products that can be hard
to find in China.
What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN)
product reviews and share
shopping experiences. Earlier this
month, it was among apps ordered
by Chinese regulators to rectify
what they called an excessive
collection of personal information
Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)
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• The Cultural Revolution, formally

the Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution, was a sociopolitical
movement in China from 1966
until Mao Zedong's death in 1976.
Cultural
Revolution
410
• Cultural Revolutionnoun. any • Social revolutions are sudden
reform movement in which a changes in the structure and
national government aims to nature of society.
radically change its country's
political, social, economical and
cultural values.
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• The line was chosen by U.S. military

planners at the Potsdam Conference
(July 1945) near the end of World
War II as an army boundary, north
of which the U.S.S.R.

38th parallel
412

• 38th parallel, popular name • It was also important to Mao

given to latitude 38° N that in Zedong, who entered the war to
East Asia roughly demarcates devastating effect when the UN
North Korea and South Korea. forces ventured north of it

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 definition image

• was a Vietnamese revolutionary

and politician. He served as Prime
Minister of North Vietnam from
1945 to 1955 and President from
1945 until his death in 1969.

Ho Chi Minh
414

• The details of Hồ Chí Minh's life
before he came to power in
Vietnam are uncertain. He is known
to have used between 50 and 200
pseudonyms. Information on his
birth and early life is ambiguous
and subject to academic debate.
What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN)
• While working as the cook's helper
on a ship in 1912, Thành (Ho)
traveled to the United States. From
1912 to 1913, he may have lived in
New York City (Harlem) and Boston,
where he claimed to have worked as
a baker at the Parker House Hotel.
Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)
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• The domino theory was a Cold War

policy that suggested a communist
government in one nation would
quickly lead to communist takeovers
in neighboring states, each falling like
a perfectly aligned row of dominos.

Domino theory
415

• the theory that a political event
in one country will cause similar
events in neighboring countries,
like a falling domino causing an
entire row of upended dominoes
to fall.
What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN)
• The domino theory was a Cold War
policy that suggested a communist
government in one nation would
quickly lead to communist
takeovers in neighboring states,
each falling like a perfectly aligned
row of dominos.
Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)
 definition
• The movement originated in the
1950s as an effort by some
countries to avoid the polarized
world of the Cold War between the
pro-Soviet communist countries .
nonalignment
435
• Due to the complex history of
evolving meanings and contexts,
there is no clear or agreed-upon
definition of the Third World.[1]
Some countries in the
Communist Bloc, such as Cuba, were
often regarded as "Third World".
What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN)
image
Click icon to add picture
• The "Three Worlds Theory" developed
by Mao Zedong is different from the
Western theory of the Three Worlds or
Third World. For example, in the
Western theory, China and India belong
respectively to the second and third
worlds, but in Mao's theory both China
and India.
Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)
 definition image

Darfur is a region of the western Sudan.

Dār is an Arabic word meaning "home [of]"
– the region was named Dardaju while
ruled by the Daju, who migrated from
Meroë c. 350 AD, and it was renamed
Dartunjur when the Tunjur ruled the area.

Darfur
445

• Although violence is still occurring
in Darfur, it is at a low level and the
region is increasingly stable. The
UNAMID forces are exiting as there
had been a reduction to the
number of troops deployed in the
field in Darfur, Sudan.
What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN)
• Yet Darfur was not saved. There
has been no political agreement
to end the civil war between
Darfuri rebel groups and
Sudan's government.
Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)
 definition image

• The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level

waterway in Egypt, connecting the
Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea
through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing
Africa and Asia. The canal is part of the
Silk Road that connects Europe with Asia.

Suez Canal
450

• In 1962, Egypt made its final
payments for the canal to the
Suez Canal Company and took full
control of the Suez Canal. Today
the canal is owned and operated
by the Suez Canal Authority.
What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN)
• The Suez canal is a significant route
for energy, commodities, consumer
goods and componentry from
Asia and the Middle East to Europe.
The canal's location also makes it a
key regional hub for shipping oil
and other hydrocarbons.
Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)
 definition image

• Theocracy is a form of government in

which a deity of some type is
recognized as the supreme ruling
authority, giving divine guidance to
human intermediaries that manage the
day-to-day affairs of the government.

theocracy
451

The word theocracy comes from

two Greek words literally
• Communism. Communism is a
meaning God-government, and
centralized form of government
meaning the government is run by
led by a single party that is
"The Church"
often authoritarian in its rule

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 definition image

• The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries is an intergovernmental organization
or cartel of 13 countries. Founded on 14
September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five
members, it has since 1965 been
headquartered in Vienna, Austria, although
Austria is not an OPEC member state.

OPEC
452

• OPEC's objective is to co- Nigeria had joined OPEC in 1971, to

ordinate and unify petroleum
policies among Member
Countries, in order to secure fair
and stable prices for petroleum
producers
among other reasons, play a role in
coordinating petroleum policies,
secure fair and stable oil prices, ensure
efficient economic and regular supply
of petroleum to consuming nations and
ensure fair return on capital.

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 definition image

• The Oslo Accords are a pair of

agreements between the
Government of Israel and the
Palestine Liberation Organization

Oslo Peace
Accords
456
The Oslo Accords created a
Palestinian Authority tasked with
limited self-governance of parts of
the West Bank and Gaza Strip
What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN)
The documents themselves were
signed by Mahmoud Abbas for the
PLO, foreign Minister Shimon Peres
for Israel, U.S. Secretary of State
Warren Christopher for the United
States and foreign minister Andrei
Kozyrev for Russia.
Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)
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• A domesticated animal
descended from an ancient,
extinct wolf … the first species
domesticated by humans

dog
• A shiba inu, an Anatolian • Dog is related to wolf, since the
shepherd, a Shitzhu both evolved from the same
ancestors

What it reminds you of (EXPLAIN) Another term to associate it with (EXPLAIN)