Fundamentals of Nursing

Presented By: Joelle Marie F. Baizas, and

Bryan Nico Racho
BSN PCHS College of Nursing
Presented To: Dr. Luz Padua , PhD
Nursing as a profession

A . Profession
- Professions are those occupations possessing a particular combination of
characteristics generally considered to be the expertise, autonomy,
commitment, and responsibility.
- A profession is an occupation based on specialized intellectual study and
training, the purpose of which is to supply skilled services with ethical
components and others.
 - Is a calling that requires special knowledge, skill and preparation.
- An occupation that requires advanced knowledge and skills and that it grows
out of society’s needs for special services.

Criteria of Profession
- To provide a needed service to the society.
- To advance knowledge in its field.
- To protect its members and make it possible to practice effectively
B. Nursing
- Is a profession within the healthcare sector focused on the care of individuals ,
families and communities so they can attain, maintain, or recover optimal
health and quality of life.
- Is a disciplined involved in the delivery of the health care to the society.
- Is a helping profession
- Is service-oriented to maintain health and well-being of people.
- Is an art and science.

Nurse – Originated from a Latin word NUTRIX, to nourish.

Characteristics of Nursing
- Nursing is caring.
- Nursing involves close personal contact with the recipient of care.
- Nursing is concerned with services that takes humans into account as a
psychological, and sociological organisms.
- Nursing is committed to personalized services for all persons without regard to color,
creed social or economic status.
- Nursing is committed to involvement in ethical, legal, and political issues in the
delivery of health care
Focus: Human Responses
- Is a complex phenomenon that encompasses the physical, social, emotional, and
spiritual aspects of being.

Different types of responses in nursing

> Empathy
> Congruence or Genuineness
> Unconditional positive regard
Empathy
- is defined as borrowing the feelings of patients in order to completely understand
them, but simultaneously being aware of one's own individuality.
- According to Rogers (1961), empathy is sensing the private world of a patient
as if it were your own. One needs to sense the patient's anger,
fear, or confusion without being bound up in it. When the patient's world is
clear to the helper, the helper can assist the patient to understanding the
emotion that drives the communication.
Congruence
- Defines it as being trustworthy. Whatever feeling or attitude is being experienced,
it is matched by an awareness of that attitude. Rogers (1961) implies that this
experience makes one a unified or integrated person. Others find this
experience secure.

Unconditional positive regard

- Rogers (1961) indicates that there needs to be a positive attitude towards others.
Rogers (1957) defines this concept as unconditional positive regard.
The helper will experience a warm acceptance of the client's experiences. There are
no conditions to acceptance. If one is afraid to freely experience these positive
attitudes, distance builds up and aloofness is present.
Personal Qualities of a Nurse
- Must have a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing.
- Must be physically and mentally fit.
- Must have a license to practice nursing in the country.

Professional Qualities of a Nurse

- Caregiver / Care provider
> The traditional and most essential role
> Functions as nurturer, comforter, provider
> "Mothering actions " of the nurse.
> Provides direct care and promotes comfort of client
C. History of Nursing
- Nursing as a profession has existed throughout history, although it has evolved
considerably over time. In the current healthcare system, nurses are one of
the most trusted healthcare professionals with a significant role to play in the
treatment and medical care of the sick.

- The term nurse originates from the Latin word nutrire, which means to suckle.
This is because it referred primarily to a wet-nurse in the early days and only
evolved into a person who cares for the sick in the late 16th century.
Early history
- The first known documents that mention nursing as a profession were written
approximately 300 AD. In this period, the Roman Empire endeavored to
build a hospital in each town that was under its rule, leading to a high
requirement for nurses to provide medical care alongside the doctors.

- The profession of nursing became considerably more prominent in Europe in the

middle ages, due to the drive for medical care from the Catholic church.
In this period, there were many advancements and innovations that took place,
which eventually went on to form the base of modern nursing, as we know it.
- The first Spanish hospital was built in the late 500s to early 600s in Merida,
Spain, with the intent to care for any sick individuals regardless of ethnic origin
or religion. Several others were created in the following centuries but their
upkeep was neglected until Emperor Charlemagne began to restore them and
update the supplies and equipment in the 800s.

- Throughout the 10th and 11th centuries, the nursing profession expanded due to
changes in rulings in Europe. Hospitals began to be included as part of monasteries
and other religious places and the nurses provided a range of medical care
services, as was required, even beyond traditional healthcare. This
all-encompassing model gained popularity and continues to be responsible for
the wide range of duties a nurse is responsible for today.
 - At the beginning of the 17th century, the nursing as a profession was rare due to
various reasons, such as the closing of monasteries that housed the hospitals.
However, in some regions of Europe where the Catholic church remained in
power, the hospitals remained and nurses retained their role.

Modern nursing
- Florence Nightingale was a nurse who tended to injured soldiers in the
Crimean War in the 1850s and played a significant role in changing the
nature of the nursing profession in the 19thcentury.
- During this time, the role of nurses continued to expand due to the need for their
presence on the front lines of wars, where poor hygiene standards often
led to fatal infections in the injuries. Nightingale campaigned for improved
hygiene standards in the hospital attending the wounded soldiers,
which drastically reduced the number of deaths from infections.

- The profession of nursing was pushed further forward in 1860 with the opening
of the very first nursing school in London. This was the beginning of many other
schools for new nurses so that they received appropriate training and education
before they began practice on the field.
- However, the need for nurses expanded with the world wars in the twentieth
century, and many nurses were required to begin providing care without
adequate training. Since this time, education institutions for nurses have
continued to expand.

- The profession has also branched out into various specializations with further
education in particular fields of nursing care, such as pediatrics or oncology.
- During the second half of the 20th century, nurses responded to rising numbers of
sick patients with innovative reorganizations of their patterns of care. For example,
critical care units in hospitals began when nurses started grouping their most
critically ill patients together to provide more effective use of modern technology.

- The nursing profession also has been strengthened by its increasing emphasis on
national and international work in developing countries and by its advocacy of
healthy and safe environments. The international scope of nursing is supported by
the World Health Organization (WHO), which recognizes nursing as the backbone of
most health care systems around the world.
History of Nursing in the Philippines
- Nursing in the Philippines has a deep and enigmatic history. This illustrates the
considerable weight and influence of nursing history while at the same time
disclosing the challenges of applying the past to the present.

Early Beliefs & Practices

- Two words—mysticism and superstitions. These were the early beliefs of health and illness in
the Philippines. The cause of a disease was primarily believed to be due to either another
person, whom which was an enemy, or a witch or evil spirits. In the early times, Filipinos
were very cautious not to disturb other people or the evil spirits for the good of their health.
These evil spirits could be driven away by persons with power to banish demons. Belief in
special gods of healing, with the priest -physician (called “word doctors”) as intermediary. If
they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors (“herbolarios”) Filipinos who became
sick were usually cared for by the female family members or friends in the home.
Early Care of the Sick
- The early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious belief and practices in relation to
health and sickness. Herb men were called “herbicheros” meaning one who
practiced witchcraft. Persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause
were believed bewitched by “mangkukulam” or “manggagaway”. Difficult childbirth
and some diseases (called “pamao”) were attributed to “nunos”. Midwives assisted in
childbirth. During labor, the “mabuting hilot” (good midwife) was called in. If the birth
became difficult, witches were supposed to be the cause. To disperse their influence,
gunpowder were exploded from a bamboo cane close to the head of the sufferer.
Health Care During the Spanish Regime
- The context of nursing has manifested through simple nutrition, wound care, and
taking care of an ill member of the family. Certain practices when taking care
of a sick individuals entails interventions from babaylan (priest physicians) or
albularyo (herb doctor). In 1578, male nurses were acknowledged as
Spanish Friars’ assistants for caring sick individuals in the hospital.
These male nurses were referred as practicante or enfermero.
The religious orders exerted their efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals
in different parts of the Philippines. The earliest hospitals were:
 Hospital Real de Manila (1577)
– it was established mainly to care for the Spanish king’s soldiers, but also admitted
Spanish civilians; founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande.
San Lazaro Hospital (1578)
– founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the
Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy.
Hospital de Indios (1586)
– established by the Franciscan Order; service was in general supported by alms and contributions
from charitable persons.
Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590)
– established in Laguna; near a medicinal spring, founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order.
San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596)
– founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by the Hospitaliers of San Juan de Dios;
support was delivered from alms and rents; rendered general health service to the public.
Nursing During the Philippine Revolution
-In the late 1890’s, the war between Philippines and Spain emerges which resulted to
significant amount of casualties. With this, many women have assumed the role of
nurses in order to assist the wounded soldiers. The emergence of Filipina nurses
brought about the development of Philippines Red Cross.

Josephine Bracken — wife of Jose Rizal, installed a field hospital in an estate house in
Tejeros. She provided nursing care to the wounded night and day.

Rosa Sevilla de Alvero — converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers;
during the Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899
Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo — wife of Emilio Aguinaldo who organized that Filipino Red
Cross under the inspiration of Mabini.

Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo — second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; provided nursing care to
Filipino soldiers during the revolution, President of the
Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.

Melchora Aquino a.k.a. “Tandang Sora” — nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and
food.

Capitan Salome — a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in
combat.

Agueda Kahabagan — revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troops

Trinidad Tecson (“Ina ng Biak-na-Bato”) — stayed in the hospital at Biak na Bato to care for wounded soldiers
The Start of Nursing Practice (1911- 1921)
Promulgation of Act No. 2493 which amends Medical Law (Act No. 310) allowing the
regulation of nursing practice transpired during this period. However, in 1919, the First True
Nursing Law was enacted through Act 2808. During this period the Board Examiners for
Nursing was also created. The first nursing board examination was given on 1920. The first
executive officer of the Board Examiners for Nurses is a physicians.

The Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing: 1941 – 1951

A nursing curriculum which was based on the thesis presented by Julita V. Sotejo, graduate
of the Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing, tackles on the development of a
nursing education within a University-based College of Nursing. This dissertation was the
beginning of nursing curriculum that have made the Nursing Institution of the country as a
baccalaureate course. During this period, College of Nursing was also created.
The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines
-University of Santo Tomas-College of Nursing (1946)
-Manila Central University-College of Nursing (1947)
-University of the Philippines Manila-College of Nursing (1948)

Proliferation of Nurses as a Workforce: 1951 – 1971

The Philippine Nursing Law was approved under the Republic Act No. 877 on June 19
1953. Then further amendment was created in 1966 which limits that practice of among
nurses 21 years old and above. The increasing number of nurses in the Philippines have
also brought about the celebration of Nurses’ Week which was proclaimed by President
Carlos P. Garcia under the Proclamation No. 539. The continuous of nurses had also
resulted to the first round of migration, particularly in United States. In fact, between 1966
and 1985 about 25,000 Filipino nurses have migrated to United States.
Nursing Profession Development: 1971 – 2001
Regulation of the practice of health care providers, the Presidential Decree No. 223, was
mandated which brought about the establishment of the agency, Professional Regulation
Commission. During this period, the Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 was also amended
under Republic Act No. 7164 which expanded nursing practice to other roles such as
management, teaching, decision making, and leadership.

Further Changes in Nursing Law: 2001- to Present

During this period, the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 was enacted under the Republic Act
No. 9173 which entails changes on existing policies under Republic Act No. 7164. These
changes underscore on the requirements for faculty and Dean of the Colleges of Nursing,
as well as the conduct for Nursing Licensure Exam.
In a glance

College of Nursing
• UST College of Nursing – 1st College of Nursing in the Phils: 1877
• MCU College of Nursing – June 1947 (1st College who offered BSN – 4 year program)
• UP College of Nursing – June 1948
• FEU Institute of Nursing – June 1955
• UE College of Nursing – Oct 1958
 1909
• 3 female graduated as “qualified medical-surgical nurses”

1919
• The 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice of the nursing profession in the
Philippines Islands. It also provided the holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the
2nd Monday of June and December of each year.

1920
• 1st board examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of Examiners, 93 candidates took the
exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of 93.5%-Anna Dahlgren
• Theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and Surgery. Practical
exam at the PGH Library
 1921
• Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the National Organization Of
Filipino Nurses
• PNA: 1st President – Rosario Delgado
• Founder – Anastacia Giron-Tupas

1953
• Republic Act 877, known as the “Nursing Practice Law” was approved.
F. Overview of the Professional Nursing Practice
a. Level of proficiency according to Benner
- Novice - Proficient
- Beginner. - Expert
- Competent

Novice
- This would be a nursing student in his or her first year of clinical education; behavior in
the clinical setting is very limited and inflexible. It has a very limited ability to predict
what might happen in particular patient situations. Signs and symptoms, such change
in mental status , can only be recognized after a novice nurse has had experience with
patients with similar symptoms.
Beginner
- Those are the new grads in their first jobs; nurses have had more experiences that
enable them to recognize recurrent, meaningful components of a situation. They
have knowledge and knew the know-how but not enough in-depth experience.

Competent
- These are nurses lack the speed and flexibility of proficient nurse s, but they have
some mastery and can rely on advance planning and organizational skills. This
nurses recognize patterns and nature of clinical situations more quickly and
accurately than beginners.
Proficient
- At this level, nurses are capable to see situations as “wholes” rather than parts.
This nurses learn from experience what events typically occur and are able to modify
plans in response to different events.

Expert
- Nurses who are able to recognize demands and resources in situations and attain
their goals. These nurses know what needs to be done. They no longer rely solely
on rules to guide their actions under certain situations. They have an intuitive grasp
of the situation based on their deep knowledge end experiences. Focus on the most
relevant problems and not irrelevant ones.
b. Roles and Responsibilities of a Professional Nurse
- The primary role of a nurse is to be a caregiver for patients by managing physical
needs, preventing illness, and treating health conditions.

Duties and responsibilities of a Nurse

- Assessing, observing, and speaking/talking to patients
- Recording details and symptoms of patient medical history and current health
- Preparing patients for exams and treatment
- Administering medications and treatments, then monitoring patients for side
effects and reactions
- Creating, implementing, and evaluating patient care plans with the medical team
- Performing wound care, such as cleaning and bandaging them
- Assisting in medical procedures as needed
- Operating and monitoring medical equipment
- Drawing blood, urine samples, and other body fluids for lab work
- Educating patients and family members on treatment and care plans, as well as
answering their questions
- Supervising licensed practical and vocational nurses, nursing assistants,
and nursing students
c. Scope of Nursing Practice based on RA 9173
- Comprehensive legislation regulating various aspects of nursing profession.
Main objective is to provide for protection and improvement of nursing
profession by instituting measures that shall result in relevant nursing
education, humane working conditions, better career prospects and dignified
existence for nurses. Inter alia provides for organisation of board of nursing,
examination and registration of nurses, nursing education, nursing practice,
as well as several related matters. Repeals Nursing Act, 1991
d. Overview of the Code of Ethics for Nurses / Filipino Bill of Rights/Legal Aspects
- The professional code of ethics for Filipino nurses strongly emphasizes the
four- fold responsibility of the nurse, the universality of nursing practice,
the scope of their responsibilities to the people they serve, to their co-workers,
to society and environment, and to their profession.
- The nursing code of ethics promotes fair treatment toward all individuals and
denounce discrimination for any reason. This includes making sure they distribute
limited healthcare resources based on need. By exercising fair treatment,
caregivers create trusting relationships with their clients.
e. Professional/Legal and Moral Accountability / Responsibility
- Nurses are personally accountable by law for their actions and/or omissions and
have a legal obligation to provide care with their Scope of Practice.
- Nurses are morally accountable when they use sound judgement in basing
their actions on what is right to do although their decision to do so may conflict
with that of others.
- Nurses are legally mandated to report abuse, neglect, gunshot wounds, dog bites,
some communicable diseases and any unsafe and/or illegal practices done by
another health care provider. Informed consent and Refusals of Treatment which
was fully detailed previously.
G. Different Fields in Nursing
a. Institutional Nursing (hospital staff nursing)
- It is the nursing which is given in hospitals of different levels
- Nursing in hospitals and related health facilities such as - extended care facilities –
nursing homes – and neighborhood clinics. It comprises all the basic components
of comprehensive patient care and family health.

b. Community Health Nursing ( school nursing / industrial nursing / public health nursing)
- Is nursing care delivered outside acute hospitals, for example in home within
general practice facilities, in community hospitals, in police custody, at school or in a
home care.
- It is the field of nursing in which the family and community are patients/clients.
- Although it is concerned with the total health illness spectrum, its primary focus
is on the prevention of diseases and the promotion and maintenance of the
highest level of health and well-being.
- Are a vital link in the health and welfare of neighborhoods. These registered
nurses focus on improving the lives of diverse communities of infants,
children, adolescents, and adults through education, prevention, and treatment.
c. Independent Nursing Practice
- They do not operate under the direct control of another health professional,
employer, or healthcare institution, and are legally accountable for the
professional services they provide as well as business matters.
- Independent nursing practice covers independent clinical decision-making
and clinical management in nursing, in collaboration with the patient/citizen and
their relatives, in stable, acute and/or complex care and treatment. The focus is
on the ability, independently and critically, to assess and provide nursing
care involving patients/citizens and across professions, sectors and institutions
in the health service.
d. Nursing in Education
- consists of the theoretical and practical training provided to nurses with the
purpose to prepare them for their duties as nursing care professionals.
- It includes post secondary education programs such as bachelor’s and
master’s degrees as well as specialized training programs for practicing nurses.
- Nurse educators primarily teach perspective nursing professionals clinical skills,
patient care methods, ad best collaboration practices.
- Nurse educators are responsible for teaching and instructing nurses at colleges,
universities and in clinical settings like doctors offices and hospitals.
- They have advanced nursing degrees and understand the workload, policies,
and requirements of nursing.
e. Nursing in other Fields
- provide and coordinate patient care, educate patients and the public
about various health conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to
patients and their family members. Most registered nurses work in a team with
physicians and other health care specialists in various settings.

Public health nursing Cardiac Nursing Orthopedic Nurse

Oncology Nursing Gerontological Nursing Ambulatory Care
Mental Health Nursing Critical care Nursing Neuroscience Nursing
Occupational Health Nursing Med-Surg Nursing Emergency Nursing
Pediatric Nursing Family Nurse Practitioner Etc.
J. Health and Illness
- This generally accepted definition states that “health is a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

a. Recall concepts learned about man as an individual and as a member of the family
- Subordinate System found inside man are family, loved ones, neighbors.
- Family is the supra system of Man. Members are independent working toward a
specific goal and purposes. It is an Open System for it interacts and influenced by
other system in the community.
b. Define Health, Wellness, and Illness
- WHO defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (illness).”
- WHO defines wellness as “the optimal state of health of individuals and groups,”
and wellness is expressed as “a positive approach to living.”
- Illness it identifies the personal emotional state connected to the loss of health;
disease, which refers to the objective, biological and measurable dimension of it.
- Health is a condition of the body, mind and spirit where individual remains free
from illness.
- wellness is an active state, including living a lifestyle that promotes physical,
mental, and emotional health.
c. Explain the dimensions of wellness
- Comprises of eight mutually co-dependence dimensions: emotional, physical,
occupational, social, spiritual, intellectual, environmental, and financial. If any one
of these dimensions is neglected over time, it will adversely affect one’s health,
well-being, and quality of life.
- It is important to nourish and focus on all 8 dimensions of health
- All of the aspects of your wellness are connected and impact each other.
- Physical wellness is the most common dimension that people think of when it comes
to their health. Physical wellness involves having a healthy body, good health
habits including nutrition, sleep, and exercise. You can improve your physical
wellness by: Choosing fresh, healthy food.
d. Discuss the Health-Illness Continuum
- Is graphic representation of the wellness of an individual. This concept was first
proposed by John W. Travis. According to him a person is not only considered to
be healthy based on the absence of disease but also wellness of mental and
emotional health.
- Dunn's Theory Describes the interaction of the environment with well being.
- High Level Wellness (HLW) an integrated method of functioning that is oriented
towards maximizing one's potentialities within the limitations of his environment.
- According to Newman (1990), it is the degree of client wellness that exists at any
point in time, ranging from optimal wellness condition with available energy at its
maximum to death which represent total energy depletion.
e. Enumerate the stages of Wellness and Illness
- Primordial it targets the underlying stage of natural disease by targeting the
underlying social conditions that promote disease onset.
- Pre-Contemplation People in this stage tend to defend their current bad habit(s)
and do not feel it is a problem. They may be defensive in the face of other
people's efforts to pressure them to change.
- Contemplation Acknowledging that there is a problem but not yet ready, sure of
wanting, or lacks confidence to make a change.
- Preparation getting ready to change
- Action changing behavior
- Maintenance maintaining the behavior change
 f. Describe the three levels of prevention
- Primary Prevention—intervening before health effects occur, through.
This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering
unhealthy or unsafe behaviours that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing
resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur.
- Secondary Prevention—screening to identify diseases in the earliest. Aims to reduce
the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done by
detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow
its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence, and
implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to
prevent long-term problems.
•
- Tertiary Prevention—managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop. Aims to
soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This is done
by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and injuries
(e.g. chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as
possible their ability to function, their quality of life and their life expectancy.
K. Levels of Care
a. Health Promotion
- Is a behavioral social science that draws from the biological, environmental,
psychological, physical and medical sciences to promote health and
prevent disease, disability and premature death through education-driven
voluntary behavior change activities.
- Is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.
- It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and
environmental interventions.
b. Disease Prevention
- Is the application of healthcare measures to prevent diseases. Disease and
disability are affected by environmental factors, genetic predisposition, disease
agents, and lifestyle choices, and are dynamic processes which begin
before individuals realize they are affected.
- Is a procedure through which individuals, particularly those with risk factors for a
disease, are treated in order to prevent a disease from occurring.
- understood as specific, population-based and individual-based interventions
for primary and secondary (early detection) prevention, aiming to minimize
the burden of diseases and associated risk factors.
c. Health Maintenance
- It includes screening procedures, risk assessment, early intervention, and
prevention — primary, secondary, and anticipatory.
- When you maintain your health you are more likely to feel energetic and happy.
- Maintaining your overall health is great for preventing disease, it also has a
number of benefits.
- It refers to activities that preserve that preserve an individual’s present state of
health and that prevent disease or injury occurrence.
- Examples of these activities include screening or surveillance, providing
immunizations to prevent illness, and health education.
d. Curative
- It is the health care given for medical conditions where a cure is considered
achievable, or even possibly so, and directed to this end.
- The terms are also used for treatments that delay disease progression even
when a cure is not possible.
- It is the opposite of preventive healthcare. This form focuses on curing a disease
or promoting recovery from an impairment, injury, or illness.
- The goal is to restore a person’s health after they suffer a setback due to a
disease or medical condition.
c. Rehabilitative
- Health care services that help you, get back, or improve skills and functioning
for daily living that have been lost or impaired because you were sick, hurt or disabled.
- It is helping people with disabilities and chronic illness attain optimal function,
health, and adapt to an altered lifestyle.
- It is a set of interventions designed to optimize functioning and reduce disability in
individuals with health conditions in interaction with their environment
- It is highly person-centred, meaning that the interventions selected for each
individual are targeted to their goals and preferences.
- It can be provided in many different places, such as inpatient or outpatient hospital
settings, outpatient physio- or occupational therapy practices, and community
settings such as an individual’s home, a school or a workplace.
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https://rnpedia.com
https://onlinenursing.twu.edu
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https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com
https://www.usa.edu
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