Solid State: 04

Dr. P. SAMI., M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.,

Associate Professor of Chemistry,
V.H.N. Senthikumara Nadar College,
Virudhunagar-626001
14.04.2023
 Crystal Defects

Non-
Stoichiometric
Impurity Defect Stoichiometric
Defects
Defects
 Stoichiometric Defects

Schottky Defect Frenkel Defect

Displacement of cations from
Missing of equal number of
lattice point to interstitial
cations and anions
position
Pairs of holes formed & due to
Does not affect the density of
this the density of the crystal is
the crystal
decreased
Found in ionic compound
Found in Ionic compounds
where larger difference in size
with high coordination
between the ions & with low
number.
coordination number
Eg: NaCl, CsCl, KCl, AgBr
Eg: ZnS, AgCl, AgI, AgBr
 Impurity Defects

n-Type Semiconductors p-Type semiconductors

When SrCl2 added to molten NaCl, some Na+ ions substituted by

Sr2+ & it increases the electrical conductivity.
 Non-Stoichiometric
Metal Excess
(Formation of Colour
Centres)
Due to anion vacancy
(F-centres or Farbenzenter
centres)
Heating of NaCl in Na vapour
imparts yellow colour ;
Heating of KCl in K vapour
imparts violet colour
Defects
Metal Deficiency
In FeO some of the Fe2+ ios are missed
and are compensated by Fe3+; Fe0.95O
Excess cation @ interstitial
sites & also e-
ZnO is white when cold and
yellow when hot
 Magnetic Properties of Solids
• Every substance has some magnetic
properties associated with it.
• Its magnetic moment originates from two
types of motions such as
– (i) Orbital motion of the electrons around
the nucleus
– (ii) Spin of electrons arund their own axis
 Types of Magnetic Materials
• On the basis of magnetic properties substances can
be classified into five categories:
• (i) Paramagnetic
• (ii) Diamagnetic
• (iii) Ferromagnetic
• (iv) Antiferromagnetic &
• (v) Ferrimagnetic
 Paramagnetism
• Paramagnetic substances are weakly attracted by
the magnetic field
• They are magnetised in a magnetic field in the
same direction
• They losss their magnetism in the absence of
magnetic field
• Paramagnetism is due to the presence of one or
more unpaired electrons
• Ex: O2, Transition metal ions like Cu2+, Cr3+, Mn2+,
Fe3+ etc & metal oxides like CuO, VO2 etc
 Diamagnetism

• Diamagnetic substances are not attracted by

magnets and magnetic fields. They are weakly
repeled by magnetic fields.
• They are weakly magnetised in a magnetic
field in opposite direction
• They do not have any unpaired electrons
• Ex: H2O, NaCl, C6H6, Zn, Cd, Cu+, TiO2
• A paramagnetic element has at least one unpaired
electron and a diamagnetic element has no
unpaired electrons.
• Pairing of electrons in diamagnetic materials
cancels their magnetic moment and they lose their
magnetic character
 Ferromagnetism
• Ferromagnetic substances are attracted very
strongly by a magnetic field
• Besides strong attractions, these substances can be
permanently magnetised
• Ex: CrO2, Fe, Co, Ni etc (used in audio & video tapes)
• Ferromagnetism arises due to the spontaneous
alignment of magnetic moments to form domains
in the same direction
 Antiferromagnetism
• Antiferromagnetism arises due to the
spontaneous alignment of magnetic moments
to form domain structure but their domains
are oppositely oriented and cancel out each
other’s magnetic moment
• Ex: MnO, MnO2, Mn2O3, FeO, Fe2O3
Ferrimagnetism
• In these substances there are unequal number of
parallel and anti-parallel magnetic domains which leads
to some resulting magnetic moment
• Ex: Fe3O4, Ferrites like MgFe2O4 & ZnFe2O4
• The ferromagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic and
ferromagnetic solids change into paramagnetic at a
particular temperature.
• For example Ferrimagnetic Fe3O4 on heating to 850 K
becomes paramagnetic. This is due to alignment of
spins in one direction on heating.
• In these substances there are unequal number of
parallel and anti-parallel magnetic domains which leads
to some resulting magnetic moment
• Ex: Fe3O4, Ferrites like MgFe2O4 & ZnFe2O4
• The ferromagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic and
ferromagnetic solids change into paramagnetic at a
particular temperature.
• For example Ferrimagnetic Fe3O4 on heating to 850 K
becomes paramagnetic. This is due to alignment of
spins in one direction on heating.
 Electrical Properties of Solids
• Some crystals with net dipole moment
generate electricity on mechanical stress are
called piezo electric materials Lead zirconium
titanate, Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) etc
• If the electricity is generated upon heat, such
materials are termed as pyroelectric materials
Eg. LiNbO3, BaNO3 etc
• n-type & p-type semiconductors
THANK YOU…