MALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM
Scrotum concerns

•Inguinal hernia
 INGUINAL HERNIA
• An inguinal hernia is a bulging of the contents of the
abdomen through a weak area in the lower abdominal wall.

• An inguinal hernia is a bulging of the contents of the

abdomen through a weak area in the lower abdominal wall.

• Inguinal Hernia: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment (clevelandclinic.org)

 TYPES
• Direct inguinal hernia: A direct inguinal hernia penetrates directly
through the wall of your inguinal canal. This type of hernia occurs in
adults over time, from a combination of weakening abdominal
muscles and chronic pressure on the muscle wall.

• Indirect inguinal hernia: An indirect inguinal hernia enters your

inguinal canal through the top. This usually occurs because of a
birth defect.
 Symptoms of an inguinal hernia

• A bulge in your groin area on either side of your pubic bone.

It can go into your scrotum or labia.
• A feeling of pressure or heaviness in your groin.
• Pain in your groin, especially when straining, lifting,
coughing or bending over.
• A burning or pinching sensation that may radiate through
your pelvis or down your leg.
 Cause of inguinal hernia

• An opening or weak spot that’s present at birth

• Frequent strenuous exercise or manual labor.
• Jobs that require standing for many hours at a time
• Intrabdominal pressure from chronic obesity.
• Normal age-related tissue degeneration
 How is an inguinal hernia diagnosed?

• A physical examination is usually enough to diagnose an inguinal

hernia.

• An ultrasound will usually do the trick, but in rare cases, they may
need to use something more specific, such as a CT scan.
 How can I reduce my risk of getting an inguinal hernia?

• Lift heavy objects from your legs, not your stomach or back.
• If you lift weights, have an expert check your technique.
• Seek treatment for conditions that cause chronic coughing or
sneezing.
• Reduce weight in your abdomen.
• Exercise to build core strength and keep your abdominal muscle
 TESTES
• Responsible for making testosterone

• Producing sperm
MALE SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS
 SONG FOR DEVOTIONAL

• Seek ye first the kingdom of God

And His righteousness;
And all these things shall be added unto you.
Hallelu, Hallelujah!
 Reminders
• Preliminary exam SEPT 1, 2022
• Human Reproduction
• Coverage:
• Human Introduction: Importance, Biblical perspective, Scientific perspective
• Facts and Myths
• External & internal structures (Basic)
• Health risks and application
• Male and female reproductive structures & functions
• Other systems involved in reproduction Tuesday Topic
 REMINDER
• Assignment on new insights in male / female
reproductive system August 25, 2022

• Due: August 20, 2022 12 noon

 TRIVIA
• Hernias are common in both men and women, but symptoms
vary.
• Groin hernias are much less common in women. Hernias
may cause some form of discomfort and don't go away on their
own, says Gina Adrales, M.D., M.P.H., director of the Division of
Minimally Invasive Surgery at Johns Hopkins Medicine
How common is a hernia in a female?

• According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive

and Kidney Diseases, about 25 percent of men and 2
percent of women will develop an inguinal hernia in their
lifetimes.
 Is a hernia in a woman serious?

• A hernia usually is not a life-threatening medical issue, but

they will not go away on their own. Check with your doctor at All
Women's Care as you may need surgery to prevent the hernia
from causing dangerous complications to your health.
 What are the symptoms of a hernia in a woman?

• Common hernia symptoms for women include:

• Burning or aching pain.
• Pain in your groin when you cough, laugh, or lift something.
• Constant pressure in your groin.
• Pain that's worse at the end of the day.
• Burning sensation in your upper thigh.
 Where do women get hernias?

• Like we said: Hernias occur when your an internal organ

busts through its protective layer of tissue and muscle.

• “There are a number of types of hernias, but the most common

occur in fairly predictable areas," says Hopkins: Your groin (an
inguinal hernia) The top of your inner thigh (a femoral hernia)

• What Is a Hernia? - How To Tell If You Have A Hernia (womenshealthm

ag.com)
 • ICE BREAKER

• GAME FOR EVERYONE

 Semen analysis

• A semen analysis is a lab test that evaluates sperm count,

motility, morphology and more. It can be a fertility test in men or
confirm that a vasectomy was successful.
 SPERM COUNT
• Normal sperm densities range from 15 million to greater than
200 million sperm per milliliter of semen.

• You are considered to have a low sperm count if you have

fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter or less than 39 million
sperm total per ejaculate
 SPERM COUNT FORMULA

• To calculate the total sperm count (i.e. the number of sperm

cells in an individual semen sample), multiply the sperm
concentration by the total volume of the sample
 TRIVIA
• There are many factors that can lead to abnormally shaped
sperm including increased testicular temperature, exposure
to toxic chemicals, infection and genetic traits.

• The medical term for when a man has a large number of

abnormally shaped sperm is teratozoospermia or
teratospermia.
 Can abnormally shaped sperm fertilize an egg?
Sperm Morphology (Shape): Does It Affect Fertility? (reproductivefacts.org)

Yes, it can.

However, having higher amounts of abnormally shaped sperm

has been associated with infertility in some studies.

Usually, higher numbers of abnormally shaped sperm are

associated with other irregularities of the semen such as low
sperm count or motility.
 A semen analysis tests

• Number of sperm (volume)

• Shape of sperm
• Movement of sperm, or “sperm motility”
 WHO

Total sperm count in ejaculate 39–928 million

Ejaculate volume 1.5–7.6 mL
Sperm concentration 15–259 million per mL
Total motility (progressive and non-progressive) 40–81 percent
Progressive motility 32–75 percent
Sperm morphology 4–48 percent
 Why with healthy sperms?

• Healthy sperm will increase your chances

of pregnancy each month.

• Measure of overall health.

 DID YOU KNOW
• One study found men with a low sperm count were more likely to
have a higher percentage of body fat (bigger waistline and higher
BMI) and higher blood pressure than men with higher sperm
counts.

• They also experienced a higher frequency of metabolic syndrome,

or higher chance of developing diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.
 Genetics

FACTORS Past surgeries

FOR LOW
SPERM General health
OUNT
Sexually transmitted diseases
 Possible treatment options include:
• Surgery. If you have a varicocele or obstructed vas
deferens, surgical correction or repair may be
recommended.

• Antibiotics. If a bacterial infection is affecting your sperm

count or fertility, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics.
Possible treatment options include:
• Medication or counseling. These may be used for sexual
intercourse problems such as premature
ejaculation or erectile dysfunction

• Hormone treatments and medications.

• For cases where high or low hormone levels influence
infertility, hormone treatments may help.
 Improving sperm count
• Lose weight. Being obese or overweight can cause a low sperm
count. Try to maintain a healthy lifestyle through diet and
exercise.

• Take vitamin supplements.

• Ask your doctor for a blood test to test for vitamin deficiencies.
They may recommend adding new foods to your diet, or taking
supplements to help restore vitamin and mineral levels.
 Improving sperm count
• Avoid substance abuse, including heavy drinking and
drug or tobacco use.

• Wear loose, cotton boxers

 Did you know?

• Men who smoke have decreased sperm

concentration, decreased motility (how sperm
swim), fewer normally shaped sperm, and
increased sperm DNA damage.
 DID YOU KNOW?
• Wearing tight underwear can be uncomfortable, and in some
cases it may have adverse effects on your health.

• For people with penises, wearing tight underwear can push the
scrotum against the body, causing the testes to rise in
temperature.

• This has shown in some research to correlate with a lower

sperm count
 Challenge reference article

•Reasons Why Men Should Never Wear

Tight Underwear
• Mihika Pal - Medically reviewed by Dr. Lalitha
• On February 23, 2021
 WHY YOU SHOULD READ
• Table of Contents
• Reduces Blood Circulation
• Increases The Chance of Infections
• Affects Sperm Health
• How to Choose the Right Underwear?
• Effect of Tight Underwear on Sperm Count
• Does Tight Underwear Affect Erectile Dysfunction?
WEARING OF TIGHT BRIEFS

•It can interfere with the right

temperature for good sperm
maturation.
 EXPLANATION
• "Any exposure [to heat] that significantly
increases temperature is likely to affect
spermatogenesis [or sperm production],"
says Dr. Jorge Chavarro, associate professor
of nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and an
author on the study. "That's the main reason
we have scrotums and testes that are
external to the abdomen."
 JOURNAL STUDY
• Smoking and Male Infertility: An Evidence-Based Review
• Smoking and Male Infertility: An Evidence-Based Review (nih.gov)

• Smoking increases the presence of reactive oxygen species, thereby

resulting in oxidative stress (OS). OS has devastating effects on sperm
parameters, such as viability and morphology, and impairs sperm
function, hence reducing male fertility
Did you know?

• Alcohol can affect fertility by altering sperm count, size,

shape, and motility.

• In men, heavy drinking affects fertility by: lowering testosterone

levels, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone,
and raising estrogen levels, which reduce sperm production
JOURNAL STUDY
• The effects of smoking and alcohol intake on sperm quality: light
and transmission electron microscopy findings
• The effects of smoking and alcohol intake on sperm quality: light and t
ransmission electron microscopy findings - PubMed (nih.gov)
 ABSTRACT
• Objective: To evaluate the effects of alcohol consumption and
cigarette smoking on sperm quality using transmission electron
microscopy and light microscopy.

• Methods: Semen samples were collected from 62 healthy men. The

subjects were classified according to alcohol consumption and
smoking status. Semen analysis was performed according to World
Health Organization criteria. Transmission electron microscopy was
used to examine sperm ultrastructure.
Results:
• Heavy smoking (> 20 cigarettes/day) was associated with a decreased
sperm count.
• Moderate/high alcohol consumption (≥ 15.4 g/day) was associated
with an increase in morphologically abnormal sperm.
• Transmission electron microscopy revealed no effect of smoking on
sperm ultrastructure.
• Alcohol consumption resulted in significant increases in
morphologically abnormal nuclei and plasma membranes.
 JOURNAL STUDY

• Conclusions: Heavy smoking was associated

with decreased sperm counts and alcohol
consumption was associated with increased
numbers of morphologically abnormal sperm.
OTHER REFERENCES
• Similar articles
• Semen quality of male idiopathic infertile smokers and nonsmokers: an ultrastructural study.Collodel G, Capitani
S, Pammolli A, Giannerini V, Geminiani M, Moretti E.J Androl. 2010 Mar-Apr;31(2):108-13. doi:
10.2164/jandrol.109.007773. Epub 2009 Sep 10.PMID: 19745220
• Semen quality and frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption--an explorative study.Goverde HJ, Dekker
HS, Janssen HJ, Bastiaans BA, Rolland R, Zielhuis GA.Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1995 May-Jun;40(3):135-
8.PMID: 7663540
• Effect of alcohol intake and cigarette smoking on sperm parameters and pregnancy.de Jong AM, Menkveld R,
Lens JW, Nienhuis SE, Rhemrev JP.Andrologia. 2014 Mar;46(2):112-7. doi: 10.1111/and.12054. Epub 2012 Dec
11.PMID: 23230969
• Mini-review of studies on the effect of smoking and drinking habits on semen parameters.Marinelli D, Gaspari
L, Pedotti P, Taioli E.Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2004 Jul;207(3):185-92. doi: 10.1078/1438-4639-
00283.PMID: 15330386 Review.
• Cigarette Smoking and Semen Quality: A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Or
ganization Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human
Semen.Sharma R, Harlev A, Agarwal A, Esteves SC.Eur Urol. 2016 Oct;70(4):635-645. doi:
10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.010. Epub 2016 Apr 21.PMID: 27113031 Review.
 REFLECTIONS

• Based on our discussions, what new

insights have you learned from the female
and male reproductive system