VISUAL OPTICS

PRESENTATION
Presented by: Group 2 (Simra Waheed, Bareera Naseem,
Bareera Imran, Tooba Fatima, Fiza Ahmed, Huzaifa Zulfiqar)
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 Astigmatism 03 Aphakia

02 Aberrations 04 Pseudophakia
 01
ASTIGMATISM
INTRODUCTION
Astigmatism is a common vision
condition that causes blurred or
distorted vision. It occurs when the
cornea or the lens inside the eye has an
irregular shape. Instead of being
perfectly spherical, the cornea or lens
may have a more oval or football-like
shape. As a result, light rays entering
the eye do not focus on a single point
on the retina, leading to a blurred
image.
TYPES OF ASTIGMATISM

01 CORNEAL ASTIGMATISM
This is the most common type, caused by an
irregularly shaped cornea.

02 LENTICULAR ASTIGMATISM
This type is due to irregularities in the lens of the
eye.

03 MIXED ASTIGMATISM
It involves a combination of corneal and
lenticular irregularities.
 CAUSES
The exact cause of astigmatism is not fully understood, but it is
believed to have both genetic and environmental factors. Some
individuals are born with astigmatism, while others may
develop it due to eye injuries, eye surgeries, or certain corneal
diseases. Astigmatism can also occur alongside other refractive
errors, such as myopia and hypermetropia.
SYMPTOMS OF THE ASTIGMATISM
Eye strain or
Squinting
It can cause headache and
difficulty to see clearly at 1
night.

3
2
Blurred or
Sensitivity to Light Distorted Vision
It causes eye discomfort as eye It can effect both near and
becomes sensitive to light. distant vision.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF
ASTIGMATISM
 DIAGNOSIS

Astigmatism can be diagnosed through a

comprehensive eye examination conducted
by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. The
examination may include visual acuity tests,
refraction measurements, and corneal
mapping to determine the degree and axis of
astigmatism.
TREATMENT

EYEGLASSES
Prescription eyeglasses with cylindrical lenses can correct the
irregular corneal or lens shape and provide clear vision.

CONTACT LENSES
Specially designed toric contact lenses can also correct
astigmatism.

REFRACTIVE SURGERY
Procedures like LASIK or PRK can
reshape the cornea, correcting
astigmatism along with other refractive
errors.
 02
ABERRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
In optics, aberration is a property of
optical systems such as lenses that
causes light to be spread out over
some region of space rather than
focused to a point.
Aberrations cause the image formed by
a lens to be blurred or distorted, with
the nature of the distortion depending
on the type of aberration.
DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT
In order to understand the concept of aberrations, first we need to get
a grip on what diffraction is.
DEFINITION:
When a wave front encounters a narrow opening or the edge of an
obstruction, the wave motion spreads out on the far side of the
obstruction. This edge of the obstruction acts as a new center from
which secondary wave fronts are produced which are out of phase
with the primary waves. This phenomenon is called diffraction.
- Primary waves have low intensity of light while secondary waves have
very low intensity.
- When light passes through circular aperture, produces a circular
diffraction pattern. This consist of a bright central disc surrounded by
alternate light and dark rings called airy disc.
- Diffraction occurs in all optical systems and the eye.
- In the case of eye, diffraction is the main source of image imperfection
when pupil is small.
- Principle of diffraction is used in the design of some multifocal
intraocular lenses.
TYPES OF ABERRATION

01 Chromatid Aberration

02 Spherical Aberration

03 Peripheral Aberration
CHROMATID ABERRATION
Chromatic aberration is also known as color fringing, is a color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted
color along the edges of objects in a photograph. This distortion of image is due to cornea and lens which can
not focus all the colors on one focal point.

CORRECTION OF CHROMATID ABERRATION

Achromatic Lens
Ocular Chromatic System Duochrome Test
Aberration
It can be defined as a lens which is
made by a combination of two different It is used to examine the
types of lenses carrying different focal position of the focus of
Total dispersion from red powers in a manner such that image green and red
to blue image approx. formed by the light of both combined wavelengths with respect
2.00D. lenses is free from chromatic to the retina.
aberration.
SPHERICAL ABERRATION

DEFINITION: SYMPTOMS:
It is a type of aberration that occurs Blurred or distorted image with halo like
when light rays passing through different effect around edges, patient feels
parts of spherical lens or mirror are not difficulty while driving, scattering of
brought to same focal point. light.

CAUSES: CORRECTION:
Spherical aberrations are caused by It can be corrected by using specialized
curvature of lens and mirror. lens design or using multiple lens with
different curvatures.
PERIPHERAL ABERRATION

DEFINITION: SYMPTOMS:
Peripheral aberrations refers Natural decentering of the eyes, visual
to the distortion that occurs disturbances, blurred or double vision,
at the edges of an image halos around lights.
produced by optical system.

CAUSES: CORRECTION:
It can be caused by number of factors It can be corrected by using specialized
including curvature of lens/cornea, shape lens or by using image processing
of the eye and location of optical center techniques.
of eye.
 03
APHAKIA
INTRODUCTION
“Aphakia means that you’re missing a lens in one
eye.”

- The lens sits behind your pupil and iris. Your iris is
covered with a clear layer of cornea and is
surrounded by sclera.
- Lens focuses the light coming into your eye and
makes an image. Without lens to provide focus,
things will look blurry.
CAUSES OF APHAKIA

BY SURGERY BY INJURY CONGENITAL

Cataract surgery is the Eye injuries or wounds A congenital condition is a
most common procedure can result in the loss of a condition that is present from
that results in removing a lens. This type of aphakia birth. Babies can be born with
lens from the eye. During is also known as traumatic congenital aphakia, or
surgical treatment, the aphakia. without lenses in one or both
surgeon removes the eyes. It can also occur with
clouded lens and usually other eye problems that are
replaces it with an present at birth. It may occur
artificial lens. if a mother is infected with
rubella during pregnancy.
SYMPTOMS OF THE APHAKIA
Faded colours
Problems seeing the brightness
of colors. This isn’t the same
thing as color blindness
1
3
2
Iridodonesis
Blurred Vision An iris that jiggles

Problems adjusting to
differences in how far away or
close something is.
DIAGNOSIS:

❏ Slit lamp exam

❏ Some cases of aphakia are found during
prenatal ultrasounds.
 COMPLICATIONS/
SIDE EFFECTS:

Open-angle glaucoma is a possible complication of

cataract removal and pediatric aphakia. This type
of glaucoma is called aphakic glaucoma.
Children who have cataract surgery will need to
wear bifocal glasses even if they have implanted
lenses or apkakic contact lenses. This is to prevent
amblyopia or lazy eye.
Changes in the eye sizes of growing children mean
that any type of corrective lens will have to be
adjusted often. This is also to prevent amblyopia.
Aphakia is associated with retina detachment.
TREATMENT

EYEGLASSES
Bilateral aphakic patients need glasses but they are heavy. The
lenses might cause to perceive straight lines as curving inward
(this is called pincushion effect).

CONTACT LENSES
Specially designed aphakic contact lenses. These lenses are
very high powered.

LENS SURGERY
This is the most usual treatment for aphakia.
Your surgeon will replace your damaged lens
with and intraocular lens (IOL)
 04
PSEUDOPHAKIA
INTRODUCTION
“Pseudophakia is a Latin word for false
lens. This term refers to the implanting
of an intraocular lens (IOL) to replace a
natural lens, the lens being the clear
part of the eye that focuses light and
images, enabling a person to see.”

- This is a recent, modern method of

choice for correction of aphakia.
- It is the most common method of
visual rehabilitation after cataract extraction.
The IOL is implanted as:

A PRIMARY PROCEDURE:
At the time of cataract extraction.

B SECONDARY PROCEDURE:
Sometime after the cataract surgery.
 TYPES OF IOL IMPLANTATION
Based on the placement or fixation of IOL in the eye include:

ANTERIOR CHAMBER LENS

The lens lies entirely on front of iris. It is supported by

the angle of anterior chamber.
It is indicated in intracapsular cataract extraction
(ICCE) or when there is rupture of the posterior
capsule.
 TYPES OF IOL IMPLANTATION
Based on the placement or fixation of IOL in the eye include:

POSTERIOR CHAMBER LENS

The lens lies entirely behind iris. It is placed in

the capsular bag or supported by the ciliary
sulcus.
TYPES OF IOL DESIGNS

RIGID IOLs FLEXIBILE IOLs MONOFOCAL IOLs

Made from Polymethylmethacrylate These are introduced into the eye through These allow clear vision at only one
(PMMA). a small incision and include foldable and distance, either near or distant.
Require an incision larger than the diameter rollable IOLs.
of the optic.

MULTIFOCAL IOLs TORIC IOLs

These allow clear vision, both at They have cylindrical power in addition to
distance and near. They are also called spherical power.
accommodative IOLs. They help in the correction of astigmatism
greater than 1 diopter.
 OPTICS OF PSEUDOPHAKIA
Once implanted, the IOL becomes a permanent, functioning part of the eye.
The refraction of the pseudophakic eye is equal to the power of the corrective
lens, which allows the light emitted by a distant point source to be focused in
the retinal plane after passing through the spectacle lens and the ocular media.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
● It can also be found with ● It is costly as compared to
the use of spectacle lenses spectacles and contact lenses.
and contact lenses. ● It is a microsurgical procedure
● Image magnification is and therefore needs technical
practically nil. expertise.
● There is no ● It is reliant on costly
contraindication for its use. instrument.
● It can produce serious
complications.
DIAGNOSIS:
❏ Visual acuity test
❏ Slit lamp exam
❏ Retinal exam
❏ To look for signs such as cloudy or blurred
vision, faded colors, trouble seeing at night,
sensitivity to glare from sunlight, lamps and
headlights, double vision in one eye etc.
THANK YOU!