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*Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):1036-1042. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006
Risks Associated With Myopia
Myopia can lead to serious long-term risks, which may even cause vision impairment.
-1.00 to -3.00
2.2 3.1 2.1 1.65
1. Vongphanit J, Mitchell P, Wang J. Prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in an older population. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 704-711.
2. Ogawa A, Tanaka M. The relationship between refractive errors and retinal detachment--analysis of 1,166 retinal detachment cases. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1988; 32(3):310-5.
3. Lim R, Mitchell P and Cumming R. Refractive association with cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. IOVS 1999, 40(12): 3021-3026
4. Marcus MW, de Vries MM, Jonoy Montolio FG, Jansonius NM. Myopia as a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2011, 118(10):1989-1994.
5. https://www.brienholdenvision.org/news/item/95-changing-the-way-optometrists-think-about-myopia.html
Myopia Progress Quickly In Children, So Early Intervention Is Key
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*Sankaridurg P. A less myopia future: what are the prospects? Clin Exp Optom 2015; 98: 494-496.
Myopia Correction vs. Myopia Management
Myopia Management
Myopia Correction 1
Undercorrection Myopia Correction Myopia Management
▪ May increase myopia progression. ▪ Provides good central vision. ▪ Provides good central vision and
▪ May be due to peripheral and ▪ Process of correcting the slows down myopia progression.
central blur, stimulating axial length refractive error with single vision ▪ Aimed to delay development or
growth. spectacle lenses or single vision slow myopia progression to avoid
▪ Not encouraged as it has not contact lenses. or reduce the risk of potential
shown to be successful in slowing pathologies in later life2.
▪ Does not delay the
down myopia progression. ▪ Includes multiple options over the
development or slow the
⇒ Refractive correction of long term as myopia develops
progression of myopia.
progressing myopes should be
▪ May be modified depending on the
updated regularly
result of the myopia progression
1) Chung K, Mohidin N, O’Leary DJ. Undercorrection of myopia enhances rather than inhibits myopia progression. Vis Res. 2002;42:2555–9.
2) The impact of myopia and high myopia: report of the Joint World Health Organization–Brien Holden Vision Institute, Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 16–18 March 2015
Why Myopia Management Is Important
Level of Risks linked to Myopia progression
MC: Myopia Control included solutions such Ophthalmic lens, Orthokeratology and Atropine (negligible)
Sources: POPULATION DATA FROM UNITED NATIONS, estimated for year 2018 based on linear progression of population data from year 2015 to year 2020. 6 to 18 years as scientifically school-age myopia starts from 6 years
and stabilizes by late teens around 18 years, from website: https://www.managemyopia.org/all-about-myopia/types-of-myopia/ Include all countries where Essilor has a subsidiary as indicated in Infomarche 2017
BHVI MYOPIA PREVALENCE article: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161642016000257 Hypothesis for estimation: Myopic prevalence for 2018 estimated assuming a linear progression of myopic
prevalence between year 2000 to year 2050. Myopic prevalence for missing countries took reference from similar regions or neighboring countries.
INFOMARCHE 2017 Population with a visual correct for below 18 years old. [1, 2] INFOMARCHE 2017 Correction methods for wearers below 18 years old [3] ESTIMATE, myopia control products contributed approx. 3% in the
kids market in China and China is considered the biggest market for myopia control. The % total could be > 100% because of multi-equipment.
Potential Benefits Of Myopia Management
+
CORRECT MYOPIA CONTROL MYOPIA
Deliver clear vision Slow down its progression
Interventions For Myopia Management
The progression of myopia may be slowed down with myopia management solutions,
reducing the number of sight-threatening eye diseases in the years to come
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
INTERVIEW
1 Ask questions to fully assess and manage risk
factors for onset of myopia or myopia progression
EXAMINATION
2 Conduct comprehensive examination to ensure
the best outcome for your management plan
DIAGNOSIS
3 Effective communication of the outcomes of
the examination in a format that the child
and their parents can easily understand
RECOMMENDATION
4 Provide useful advice on visual environment changes
and recommend the most suitable solution
FOLLOW-UP
5 Offer a holistic standard of care to ensure that
myopia progression is always closely monitored
Step 1: Interview
2 Family history of myopia1,5 No parents myopic One parent myopic Both parents myopic
4 Time spent outdoors1,5,9,10 > 2.5 hours / day 1.5 to 2.5 hours / day 0 to 1.5 hours / day
Unaided Vision + VA
Refractive Assessment:
o Auto Refraction / Retinoscopy
o Subjective refraction / Baseline cycloplegic refraction (where possible)
Binocular Vision Assessment:
o Phorias + Fusional reserves + NPC
o Amplitude of accommodation + Lag of accommodation
o AC/A
Best Corrected VA
Ocular Health:
o Anterior eye
o Posterior eye – retinal assessment
Additional Diagnostic Assessment (if available)
o Corneal topography (Ortho-K)
o Axial length (with high accuracy)
Gifford KL, Richdale K, Kang P, Aller TA, Lam CS, Liu YM, Michaud L, Mulder J, Orr JB, Rose KA, Saunders KJ, Seidel D, Tideman JWL, Sankaridurg P. IMI - Clinical Management Guidelines Report.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:M184-M203.
BV ASSESSMENT
Myopia has been long associated with inaccurate BV – including
near esophoria, accommodative lag, high AC/A ratios and intermittent exotropia.
1 2 3
PRE MYOPIA
NO MYOPIA PRESENT MYOPIA
PRESENT INCLUDING PRESENT
& MINIMAL RISK MEDIUM OR HIGH -0.50D OR MORE
FACTORS RISK FACTORS
Myopia
≥+0.75D to >-0.50D in
-0.50D or more
children where a combination
spherical equivalent
of baseline refraction, age
and risk factors provide a
High Myopia
likelihood of the future
-5.00D or more
development of myopia
spherical equivalent
Tips On How To Identify The Pre-Myope
FAMILY One myopic parent increases risk by three-fold, while two myopic
HISTORY parents doubles this risk again.1
CURRENT The most significant risk factor of this lot for future myopia is if a
child is +0.50 or less of hyperopia at age 6-7, independent of all
REFRACTION other factors.
(1) Jones L, Sinnott L, Mutti D, Mitchell G, Moeschberger M. Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48(8): 3524-3532.
(2) Rose KA, Morgan IG, Ip J, Kifley A, Huynh S, Smith W, Mitchell P. Outdoor Activity Reduces the Prevalence of Myopia in Children. Ophthalmol. 2008;115:1279-1285.
(3) Mutti DO, Jones LA, Moeschberger ML, Zadnik K. AC/A Ratio, Age, and Refractive Error in Children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:2469-2478.
(4) Mutti DO, Mitchell GL, Hayes JR et al. (CLEERE Study Group) Accommodative Lag before and after the Onset of Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:837-846.
(5) Zadnik K, Sinnott LT, Cotter SA, Jones-Jordan LA, Kleinstein RN, Manny RE, Twelker JD, Mutti DO, Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of E, Refractive Error Study Group. Prediction of Juvenile-Onset Myopia. JAMA Ophthalmol.
2015;133:683-689.Chua SY, Sabanayagam C, Cheung YB, Chia A, Valenzuela RK, Tan D, Wong TY, Cheng CY, Saw SM. Age of onset of myopia predicts risk of high myopia in later childhood in myopic Singapore children. Ophthalmic
Physiol Opt. 2016;36:388-394.
• Simple
• Non-invasive • Aesthetics issue (bifocals)
Spectacle Lens • No adverse effects
• Easy to wear and prescribe
• No need to wear correction during day time • Higher risk of microbial keratitis than daily wear contact lens
Ortho- • Wider field of view • More limited prescription range compared to multifocal CL
• Suitable for Sports • Skills and equipment required by practitioner
keratology • Parental supervision required
• Duration of treatment
• Dosage and long term effects are still not known
Atropine • Can dilate pupil and reduce accommodation with higher
• Likely to have good VA when used with SV correction concentrations requiring near ADD and/or photochromic
spectacles
• Limited availability
• Rebound effects with high dosage
What’s The Solution You Should Prescribe?
• Time to start:
o Myopia progression is greatest at onset and the
younger a child develops myopia, the faster it will
progress.
o So ideally myopia management should start as
soon as possible for the greatest impact on
slowing myopia progression.
• Time to stop:
o Studies show that 90% of myopes stabilize by
age of 21, so we should manage myopia until
early 20s or when it appears to have stabilized.
1 2 3
DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
PRE MYOPIA DIAGNOSIS
NO MYOPIA MYOPIA
PRESENT
PRESENT
INCLUDEING PRESENT
& MINIMAL
RISK
MEDIUM OR 0.50D OR
HIGH MORE
FACTORS
RISK FACTORS
• Review symptoms
Spectacle Lens
Orthokeratology
Atropine
CS, Liu YM, Michaud L, Mulder J, Orr JB, Rose KA, Saunders KJ, Seidel D, Tideman JWL, Sankaridurg P. IMI - Clinical Management Guidelines Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:M184-M203.
Adapted from IMI Clinical Management Guidelines
How To Effectively Communicate
Myopia Management To Parents
Tip 1: Just Get Started
2 Example:
X Axial Elongation
√ The eye is growing longer than it
should
Not wearing correction will not stop myopia from increasing. Logan NS, Wolffsohn JS. Role of Un-Correction,
My child should not wear glasses because It may even cause your child’s myopia to worsen more rapidly. under-Correction and over-Correction of Myopia as a
Strategy for Slowing Myopic Progression. Clin Exp
that will cause myopia to increase. He would also be disadvantaged due to poor vision. Optom 2020;103:133-7.
Standard glasses (single vision lenses) correct myopia but they Hu Y, Ding X, Guo X, et al. Association of Age at
Myopia can be treated easily with glasses do not slow down its progression. This means that as children Myopia Onset with Risk of High Myopia in Adulthood
or contact lenses. grow, their myopia may progress, requiring stronger in a 12-Year Follow-up of a Chinese Cohort. JAMA
prescriptions, and increasing risk of becoming high myopic. Ophthalmology 2020.
More children are becoming myopic at an earlier age, which typically progress quickly in their childhood.
No level of myopia is safe, as every diopter in myopia progression means an additional lifelong risk of
vision impairment.
Despite 96% of parents concerned about their child’s myopia getting worse, only est. 1-3% are using
myopia control solution. Many are not aware that there are solutions to help slow down myopia
progression.
There are different modalities of myopia management with their own advantages and disadvantages.
The solution should be chosen based on what suits the child and the practice.
It is important to always start with a conversation about myopia – its typical childhood progression, its
impact on function in the short-term and the increased lifelong risk of vision impairments.
As eye care practitioners, the right thing to do is to always recommend more than a single-vision to a
progressing myope.
TO SEE MORE
TO PLAY MORE
TO LEARN MORE
TO BECOME MORE
“Children do not make up 100% of our
population today, but they do make up
100% of our future”
THANK YOU
KEEP THE ESSILOR EXPERIENCE GOING…