MATH 1013

MATH 1013
Mathematics
Mathematics in
in the Modern
ModernWorld
World
Week 6
Week
CARTESIAN PRODUCT,
RELATIONS, AND
FUNCTIONS
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. construct the Cartesian product of two sets or more;
2. define and provide an example of a relation;
3. define and provide examples of a function; and
4. compare and contrast a relation and a function.
I. CARTESIAN PRODUCT,

Given two arbitrary sets A and B, the Cartesian product

A × B is the set of all ordered pairs (x,y) such that x A and y
B.

A × B = {(x, y) │ x A and y B}
EXAMPLE 1

Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}. Write the

cross – product(cartesian product) A × B.

A × B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}
EXAMPLE 2

Let A = {H, T} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Write the cartesian

product A × B and cartesian product B × A.
A × B = {(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6), (T, 1),
(T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}
B × A = {(1, H), (2, H), (3, H), (4, H), (5, H), (6, H), (1, T),
(2, T), (3, T), (4, T), (5, T), (6, T)}
A×B≠B×A
The Cartesian product is NOT commutative.
EXAMPLE 3

Consider the sets C= {a,b,c,d} and E= {1, 2}. Write the cross –
product C × E.

C× E = { (a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1), (d, 1), (a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 2), (d, 2)}
 Cartesian Product of more than Two Sets

We can construct the Cartesian product of more than two sets in

a similar manner. Let A1, A2, ..., An be a collection of sets. Then
the Cartesian product of these sets with this prescribed order is
the set of ordered n-tuples:

A1 × A2 × ... × An = {(x1, x2, ..., xn) : xi ∈ Ai for each i = 1,2, ..., n}

 EXAMPLE 4

Consider the sets A= {2,3,5}, B= {5} and C= {a, b}. Write the
cross – product A × B × C.

A × B × C = { (2,5,a), (2,5,b), (3,5,a), (3,5,b), (5,5,a), (5,5,b)}

II. RELATION

Given two arbitrary sets A and B, a relation from A

to B is a subset of A × B.
A relation on A is a subset of A × A.
 EXAMPLE 5

Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}.

A B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}

Find the elements of the following relations.

a. Ra= {(x,y) / y > x}
b. Rb= {(x,y) / x > y}
c. Rc= {(x,y) / y = x}
EXAMPLE 5

Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}.

A B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}

a. Ra= {(x,y) | y > x} = {(2,5), (4,5)}

b. Rb {(x,y) | x > y} = {(4,2), (6,2), (6,5)}
c. Rc= {(x,y) | y = x} = {(2,2)}
III. FUNCTION

CARTESIAN PRODUCT

RELATION

FUNCTION
III. FUNCTION

A function f from X to Y is a relation from X to Y such that

for each ordered pair (x,y), each first coordinate x is paired
to exactly one second coordinate y.

A FUNCTION is a relation in which no two ordered

pairs have the same x – coordinates.
III. FUNCTION

Note: A function is a subset of a

relation. All functions are
relations, but not all relations are
functions.
EXAMPLE 6

Determine if each is a function or a relation.

a. A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
b. y = 3x + 5
c. x2 + y2 = 25
d. y > x – 1
 EXAMPLE 6

a. A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}

From the given set of ordered pairs, each x – coordinate

is paired exactly to one y – coordinate.
Hence, A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)} is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 6

b. y = 3x + 5

The given equation is a linear equation whose graph is a

line.
Hence, the linear equation y = 3x + 5 is a FUNCTION.
 EXAMPLE 6

The following linear equations are considered functions

1. y = mx + b m is the slope, b is the y - intercept
2. ax + by + c = 0 a, b, c set of real numbers
3. a is the x – intercept, b is the y - intercept
4. y = k k is a constant

Note : x = k where k is a constant is NOT a function

EXAMPLE 6

1. y = 5x + 3 FUNCTION
2. 3x – 5y + 11 = 0 FUNCTION
3. FUNCTION
4. y = 5
FUNCTION
5. x = 5 NOT A
FUNCTION
 EXAMPLE 6

c. x2 + y2 = 25

Since this is an equation of a circle, then the given equation is a

RELATION.
EXAMPLE 6

d. y > x – 1
There is more than one possible value of y for each value of x.
Therefore, the inequality y > x – 1 is a RELATION.

An inequality is a RELATION which makes a non-equal

comparison between two numbers or other mathematical
expressions.
EXAMPLE 7

d. y = sinx
Since sin x is a trigonometric function,
Hence, y = sinx is a FUNCTION.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
y = cosx y = csc x y = cot x
y = tanx y = sec x
VERTICAL LINE TEST

The vertical line test is a method that is used to determine

whether a given relation is a function or not.

If a vertical line intersects the graph in all places at exactly one

point, then the relation is a function.
EXAMPLE 1

one point of intersection

Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 2

one point of intersection

Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 3

one point of intersection

Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 4

Two points of
intersection

Hence, it is a RELATION.
EXAMPLE 5

Two points of
intersection

Hence, it is a RELATION.
EXAMPLE 6

one point of intersection

Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 7

Too many points

of intersection

Hence, it is a RELATION.
REFERENCES

•Self Check
•ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this
checklist to evaluate your mastery of the
objectives of this section.
REFERENCES

•Self Check
•ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this
checklist to evaluate your mastery of the
objectives of this section.