OFFSHORE

DRILLING
 Types of offshore Rigs
Bottom supported Rigs
– Independent Leg Jack-up Rigs
– Mat supported Jack-up Rigs
– Platform Rig
Floating Rigs
– Drilling Barge
– Drilling Tender
– Drill ship
– Semi submersible
Jack-up
Rig
 Jack-up Rig

Mast or
derrick

Hull

Legs
 Jack-up Rig

Mast or
derrick

Hull

Legs
Jack-up Rig
Jack ups rig can be divided into:
 Legs- Generally 3 in nos. Only Sagar Samrat
had 4 legs
 Hull- All machinery housed either inside or on
hull. Hull is generally triangular in shape.
 Derrick- Tower like structure used for drilling
 Jack up Hull

 Most
preferred
shape is
triangular
 Better suited
for rig towing
Jack
up
Hull
Jack ups-
• Water depth range 15-40 ft to 300 –400 ft.
• ONGC jack ups 20-40 ft and maximum 300
ft. Sagar Samrat-250 ft
• Leg length maximum 500 ft
Jack ups- Types of derricks
Slot type:
• suitable only for exploratory drilling as
derrick can’t slide horizontally
• Can drill only one well from one position
• Less popular now
• 52 Rigs slot type available worldwide
Jack ups- Types of derricks
Cantilever type:
• suitable for exploratory and development
drilling as derrick can slide horizontally both
sides
• Mostly cantilever type rigs constructed
today
• 361 Rigs cantilever type available
worldwide
Cantilever
type
Rig WD = 300’

Cantilever
 Jack-Up-Advantages

Provides a fixed platform

Initial cost is less compared to other type of
offshore rigs
Per day operating rates are less as
compared to floaters
Withstands hurricane type of storms
 Jack-Up-Disadvantages
Difficult to tow
Rig move not possible in rough sea condition
Legs portion to be laid down for long moves
Too many moving parts in jacking system
Towing is risky
Water depth limitation maximum- 100 m water
depth
 Types of Jack-Up Rigs

Two types of jack-up rigs

Independent leg jack-up rig
Mat supported jack- up rig
 Independent leg
All legs can be raised or lowered independently
Spud can or tank at the bottom of leg
Allows 3500-5000 lbs/ft2 bearing load
Can operate in firm & uneven bottoms
Suitable for sea bottom congested with pipe
lines and other structures
 Independent leg
Legs have large diameter spud cans to
lessen leg penetration in soft bottoms.
Leg footings 10-20 feet high
Leg footings can be pulled into hull recess
This minimizes water drag under tow.
Long legs increase sensitivity to weather
Spud cans
Legs entering
the hull
Independent leg Rig on location
Mat Type Unit
Mat Type Unit
 Mat type
Soft bottoms restricted use of independent–leg-
drilling units.
Modifications resulted in mat type drilling unit.
Larger area of contact with sea floor
Less bearing pr. on bottom 500-600 lbs/ft2
Can operate in soft mud provided bottom is
more or less level
Designed to operate with bottom slope- 1 to 2 0
Derrick can be leveled by putting shims.
 Mat type: Limitations

Have more drag while under tow

Towing speed is less (Half)
Can be moved off location in cyclones
Not suitable for sea bed congested with pipe
lines
Not suitable for sloping or uneven sea beds
Rig
under
tow
Rig
under
tow
Rig
under
tow
Rig
under
Dry tow
• Long
distance
rig move
 Rig
arriving on
location
Lowering
legs
 Legs
entering
sea
bottom
Preloading
At full air
gap
 Well
environmental
loads
Punch through- Jack up rig
 Jacking System
Electric & hydraulic jacking systems
Uses rack and Pinion system
Pinion rotated by motors
This causes rack to be raised up or down.
Bottom conditions to be carefully evaluated
before a jack-up is moved on location
Rack & Pinion
Legs
 Platform Rig
Platform fixed on the sea bed
Rig is assembled on platform
Can drill many wells from a platform
After drilling is over, rig is dismantled and
shifted to other location
251 rigs available worldwide. 153 working.
Day rate about US $ 40,303 as on
14.12.2009
Platform
Rig
Platform
Rig
 Floaters
• Floaters keep floating during the entire
course of drilling and other operations
• Affected by weather conditions
•Rig experiences many type of motions
 Vessel motions
Important motions
are:
Roll- Rotation about
the X-axis
Pitch- Rotation about
the Y-axis.
Heave- Translation
up and down (Z-axis)
Shallow
Water
Barge
Rig
 Shallow water Drilling Barge
Large rectangular hull
Anchored at location
Derrick positioned at the end opposite to
the accommodation
Can drill even up to 6,000 m depth
Used in shallow waters up to 50 m WD
where no large waves or strong currents
 Shallow water Drilling Barge
Used in lakes, canals, rivers and shallow
sea for drilling
Inland Barge: 80 rigs available worldwide.
34 working. Day rate about US $ 36,525
as on 14.12.2009
Drilling Barge < 150’ WD: 38 rigs available
worldwide. 19 working. Day rate about US
$ 30,000 as on 14.12.2009
 Deeper Water Depth Drilling
Barge
•Smaller vessel than drill ships,
•Non self propelled.
•Water depth from 20m to 300 m
• Moderate weather areas due to smaller load
capacities and design limitations.
• Less expensive
• Drilling Barge > 150’ WD: 10 rigs available
worldwide. 6 working.
Drilling Barge
 Drilling Tender
Ship or barge shaped hull
Anchored at location against a platform
Contains accommodation & ancillary
equipment
Derrick installed on the platform deck
Cables & hoses run from tender to
platform to provide power, mud,
compressed air, communication & control
system
Drilling Tender
 Drilling Tender
Ramp and ladder suspended from
platform some height above deck of
tender.
Mainly used for development drilling from
established platforms
29 rigs available worldwide. 22 working.
Day rate about US $ 1,14,600 as on
14.12.2009
Floaters
DRILLSHIP
Drill Ship
DRILLSHIP
Drill ships-
•For water depth 20m to 3000 m
•Suitable where jack ups can not be deployed,
logistically difficult areas.
•Anchor moored type ships are not suitable for
harsh environment.
•In harsh weather, down time on drill ship is more
in comparison to semi otherwise.
•Drill ships are more suitable due to lower CG
•Drill ships are cheaper than semi submersibles
 Types of drill ships
a.Anchor moored-
• 8,9 or 10 point mooring,self propelled, suitable
for 1500 m water depth.
• New ships are being designed up to 2400 m of
water depth.
•
Anchor Pattern
Anchor
 Types of drill ships
b. Dynamically positioned –
• No anchors required
• Station keeping by DP system
•Very costly to operate as fuel consumption is
more for DP system.
 DP system
The system consists of:
Position Reference System-
Consists of two or more position sensors,
which determine geographical position of
vessel with respect to well center. Different
types of sensors, are used for redundancy
and to enhance the system reliability.
 Control and Monitoring Unit-
Control and Monitoring Unit-
- Controller filters and converts the data received
from the position reference system and gives
command to the thrusters.
- Action of thrusters which, commanded by a
controller and opposing the environmental
forces maintains a ship in the vicinity of a
reference point and stabilize its heading.
DP System
DP System
DP System
Dynamical
positioning
Dynamical
positioning
Dynamical positioning
 Thrusters
Two families of thrusters are installed in
most cases.
The first consists of thrusters whose thrust
is steerable over 360 degrees and the
other is of fixed type.
These thrusters provide the force to
counter the disturbing environmental
forces, thereby maintaining the position
and the heading.
 Advantage of DP vessels
Not affected by water depth nor the type of
seabed. These rigs can operate in any
water depth and are independent of
seabed conditions.
Faster rig positioning. These rigs can start
drilling operations in about 2 hours time
whereas anchor moored rig can take from
12 hours to 10 days for anchoring in
deeper water.
 Advantage of DP vessels
Independence from logistic resources
The performance of Dynamic Positioning
is generally superior to that of Mooring
Systems.
Re entry is fast and easy
Offset is 1 to 3 % of water depth
 Disadvantages of Dynamic
Positioning
Higher rig cost
High running cost
Higher noise level
Rig may move off location in case of
power failure and may damage casing and
equipment.
BOP and Risers
Subsea
BOP
Risers
Semi submersible or column stabilized type-
•Drilling deck is mounted on columns which are
supported by submerged pontoons or hulls.
•Shapes- triangular,rectangular or pentagonal.gen.
Rectangular
•Suitable for water depths from 30m-2500m
•More suitable with rough sea and harsh
environment
• Much less downtime due to rough weather in
comparison to drill ships
Semi submersible or column stabilized type-
•More prone to capsizing as CG keeps on moving
up with the addition of load on top deck during
drilling operation
•Semis are costly in operations.
• Semis are very expensive to build
•Can be Anchor moored or DP type
SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES
SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES
SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES
SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES
SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES
Rough Sea: Semi-Submersibles
Rough Sea: Semi-Submersibles
Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV)
Essential equipment for floaters
Trend is to reduce use of divers
Helps in running and retrieving BOP
Detect any problem underwater
Repair under water defects
 Intervention Model

Arms operate like divers

Intervention Model
Intervention Model
Offshore Rigs
Offshore Rigs worldwide
Rig type No of rigs available

Jack ups 445

Drill ships 048

Semis 187

Total 680
 Offshore Rigs in ONGC
Rig type No of rigs available

Jack ups 24 (ONGC-7, Others-17)

Drill ships/ 05 (ONGC-2, Others-3)

Barge Self-propelled = 4, Barge = 1
Semis 0

Total 29
 ONGC Offshore Rigs
Jack-up Rigs
– Sagar Pragati Sagar Kiran
– Sagar uday Sagar Ratna
– Sagar Gaurav Sagar Shakti
– Sagar Jyoti
Floaters
– Sagar Bhushan – 450 m WD
– Sagar Vijay – 900 m WD
 What is deepwater ?

What is deepwater?
1960 …100m
1970 …200m
1980 …300m
2000 …500m
WORLDWIDE DEEPWATER
E&P ACTIVITIES - 1998

NORTH
SEA

BLACK
SEA CASPIAN
SEA

GULF OF
MEXICO
SOUTHEST
ASIA
GUINE INDIAN
GULF OCEAN
WEST
AFRICA
AUSTRALASIA
CAMPOS
BASIN
EXPLORATION
PRODUCTION
 Why Deepwater Drilling
Most of the shallow water basins have
already been explored worldwide
Maturing of existing shallow water
producing fields
Average size of deepwater discoveries is
bigger than shallow water finds
Continued R&D efforts & advancement in
technologies/tools/equipment making
deepwater ventures viable for deeper and
deeper water depths.
 Deepwater Worldwide
Deepwater exploration very successful in
Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, and West of Africa.
In Brazil, deepwater drilling has been most
spectacular as of its current reserves
approximately 33 percent lies between
300 to 1000m water depth, while another
35 percent in the areas beyond 1000m
water depth.
 Deepwater Success Ratio
With advancement in seismic technology,
success ratio in deepwater areas > 500 m
WD is nearly 36 %, which is quite
comparable to the average success ratio
of 40 % in all offshore areas during 1994-
98.
 Deepwater Rigs
Presently rigs are available up to 10,000
feet of water depth.
World record for water depth is 3,011 m in
Gulf of Mexico
ONGC holds record for second place for
water depth record > 3,000 m
38 drill ship and 825 semi available for >
4,000’ + water depth as on 14.12.2009
 Western deepwater sector-
India
Western deepwater sector i.e. Cori
comorin deep offshore is divisible into
three sub-sectors viz.
– Kutch – Saurashtra offshore
– Bombay offshore
– Kerala-Konkan offshore
Eastern Deepwater Sectors-
India
Eastern deepwater sector comprises of
five distinct sub-sectors viz.
– Cauvery-Palar
– Krishna-Godavari
– Mahanadi
– Bengal
– Andaman-Nicobar
Independent Leg Cantilever Jack up as on
14.12.2009
(Rig zone)
Rigs working Rigs available Day rate US $
WD < 250’ 37 49 90,656
WD = 250’ 38 64 1,22,406
WD = 300’ 89 122 1,38,019

WD = 300’+ 98 130 1,64,276

TOTAL 262 365
Independent Leg Slot Type Jack up as on
14.12.2009
(Rig zone)
Rigs working Rigs available Day rate US $
WD < 250’ 6 7 79,000
WD = 250’ 9 10 1,18,500
WD = 300’ 3 5 44,000

WD = 300’+ 2 3 35,000
TOTAL 20 25
Mat Cantilever Jack up as on 14.12.2009
(Rig zone)
Rigs working Rigs available Day rate US $
WD < 200’ 4 16 28,000
WD = 200’+ 11 18 50,000
TOTAL 15 34
Independent Leg Slot Type Jack up as on
14.12.2009
(Rig zone)
Rigs working Rigs available Day rate US $
WD < 200’ 2 2
WD = 200’+ 6 19 74,600
TOTAL 8 21
 Semi Subs as on 14.12.2009
(Rigzone)
Rigs working Rigs available Day rate US $
Semisub < 1500' WD 13 19 297,795
Semisub > 1500‘+ WD 63 86 3,16,867
Semisub > 4000‘+ WD 66 82 4,20,591
TOTAL 142 187
 Drill Ships as on 14.12.2009
(Rigzone)
Rig type Rigs working Rigs available Day rate US $
Drillship < 4000' WD 8 10 2,28,100
Drillship > 4000‘ + WD 36 38 4,12,134
TOTAL 44 48 297,795
Drilling Engineer on an Offshore
Rig
 Drilling
Drilling status simply means that a rig is
performing drilling operations at an
offshore site. These units are either under
contract by an operator or owner operated.
 Work over
Workover status means that a rig is
performing workover or well servicing
operations at an offshore site. These units
are either under contract by an operator or
owner operated..
 Production
Production status means that a rig is
performing production operations at an
offshore site. These units are either under
contract by an operator or owner operated.
 Accommodation
A rig working in accommodation mode is essentially
acting as an offshore hotel. A rig can be deployed in
a variety of situations at offshore sites to house
personnel or supplies.
Older or marginal rigs used in accommodation
services more frequently than higher spec units as
this type of work generates lower dayrates than
drilling and workover activities. In periods
characterized by reduced levels of drilling demand,
some higher spec units may operate in this capacity
in order to remain active.
 Cold Stacked
In short, to cold stack a rig is similar to
"shuttering" an industrial plant - workers are
let go, the hatches are battened down and the
rig is completely shut down. Cold stacking a
rig involves reducing the crew to either zero or
just a few key individuals and "storing" the rig
in a harbor, shipyard or designated area
offshore.
 Cold Stacked
Typically, steps are taken to protect the rig
including installing dehumidifiers and applying
protective coatings to fight corrosion, installing
monitoring systems that communicate rig status
information to locations onshore and filling
engines with protective fluids. Although the
duration of cold stacking can vary depending on
many factors, rigs that are cold stacked are
typically out of service for a significant period of
time and are generally not considered to be part of
marketable supply.
 Cold Stacked
Costs are generally reduced to minimum
levels, although rig owners likely will still have
to pay harbor fees, insurance premiums and
other miscellaneous expenses. Before
returning a cold stacked rig to service, drilling
contractors must hire a crew and some level
of investment is usually required. The
investment may come in the form of a survey,
completing deferred maintenance or
refurbishment.
 Cold Stacked
Drilling contractors typically cold stack a rig in
a cost cutting effort when they do not believe
they will find work for the unit at a dayrate
above cash breakeven for an extended period
of time. Often, this activity is a result of a
cyclical downturn in demand for a given rig
type. Unit specific issues, like a significant
investment requirement for a marginal rig to
continue operations, can also drive the
decision to cold stack a rig.
 Ready Stacked
Ready stacked status means that a rig is idle
but operational and is also referenced in the
industry as warm stacked. A ready stacked rig
typically retains most of its crew and can
deploy quickly if an operator requires its
services. In a ready stacked state, normal
maintenance operations similar to those
performed when the rig is active are continued
by the crew so that the rig remains work
ready.
 Ready Stacked
Daily operating costs for a ready stacked unit
remain close to the levels incurred when the
rig is actively working. Thus, a rig is kept in a
ready stacked state when its owner
anticipates that the rig will be able to return to
work shortly - either due to having a
commitment in hand or the owner's perception
that work will be secured relatively quickly.
Ready stacked rigs are actively marketed and
considered part of marketable supply.
 Under construction
Rigs classified as under construction are in various
stages of the rig building process. Referred to in the
industry as "new builds", these rigs have yet to be
completed.
New builds may be built on a speculative basis
without a firm commitment for work or built to fulfill a
specific requirement from an operator. If rig is being
constructed to fulfill a specific requirement from an
operator, owner may receive a firm commitment for
the rig in advance of delivery or placement of the
construction order.
 Enroute
Enroute status means that a rig is in process of
mobilizing from one location to another. Either
through their own means or with the assistance of
oceangoing vessels, rigs travel between locations in
a particular offshore field or between regions across
the globe.
Although there is no clear rule, operator may pay
mobilization fees to rig owner, particularly when rig
availability is limited, to compensate owner for cost
incurred to move rig. Rigs may be enroute with or
without a commitment from an operator.
 Waiting on Location
Waiting on location status means that a rig is
in standby mode. This status can result from a
variety of factors including delays in operator
plans; a problem at an offshore site; bad
weather; or preparation to mobilize or drill.
 Inspection
Inspection status means that a rig is either in
the shipyard undergoing a survey or
inspection or is undergoing an inspection in
the field.
Out of service time can vary depending on the
scale of the survey or inspection, and the rig
may or may not be actively marketed or
contracted during this time.
 Modification
Modification status means that a rig is
undergoing maintenance, repairs or upgrades
which can be performed on location or in a
shipyard.
Out of service time can vary widely depending
on the work being done, and the rig may or
may not be actively marketed or contracted
during this time.
 Offshore Rigs in ONGC
Aban Ice Aban Offshore Drillship
Aban II Aban Offshore Jackup
Aban III Aban Offshore Jackup
Aban IV Aban Offshore Jackup
Aban V Aban Offshore Jackup
Discovery-I Discovery Hydrocarbons Jackup
Kedarnath Great Offshore Jackup
Greatdrill Chetna Greatship (India) Ltd Jackup
Greatdrill Chitra Greatship (India) Ltd Jackup
Hercules 258 Hercules Offshore Jackup
 Offshore Rigs in ONGC
Hercules 260 Hercules Offshore Jackup
Deepsea Matdrill Jagson Jackup
Virtue-1 Jindal Jackup
Sundowner SD7 Nabors Offshore Platform Rig
Sundowner VI Nabors Offshore Platform Rig
Noble Charlie Yester Noble Drilling Jackup
Noble George McLeod Noble Drilling Jackup
Energy Driller Northern Offshore Ltd Semisub
Sagar Bhushan ONGC (NOC) Drillship
 Offshore Rigs in ONGC
Sagar Gaurav ONGC (NOC) Jackup
Sagar Jyoti ONGC (NOC) Jackup
Sagar Kiran ONGC (NOC) Jackup
Sagar Pragati ONGC (NOC) Jackup
Sagar Ratna ONGC (NOC) Jackup
Sagar Samrat ONGC (NOC) Jackup
Sagar Shakti ONGC (NOC) Jackup
Sager Uday ONGC (NOC) Jackup
Sagar Vijay ONGC (NOC) Drillship
Pride Hawaii Pride International Jackup
 Offshore Rigs in ONGC
C E Thornton Transocean Ltd. Jackup
Dhirubhai DW KG1 Transocean Ltd. Drillship
Discoverer Seven Seas Transocean Ltd. Drillship
F G McClintock Transocean Ltd. Jackup Modification
T Angel Transocean Ltd. Jackup
Randolph Yost Transocean Ltd. Jackup
Ron Tappmeyer Transocean Ltd. Jackup
Trident II Transocean Ltd. Jackup Asia
Trident XII Transocean Ltd. Jackup
 Offshore Rigs in Reliance
Blackford Dolphin Dolphin A/S Semisub
Drilling
Deepwater Expedition Transocean Ltd.
Drillship Drilling
Deepwater Frontier Transocean Ltd. Drillship
Drilling
Discoverer 534 Transocean Ltd. Drilling