Research & Publication Ethics

Unit 1

Subject Incharge:
Presented By:
Dr. Dhowmya Bhatt
Shubhangi Sharma
Professor
Department of Computer Science
Department of Computer Science &
& Engineering
Engineering
 Introduction
Philosophy, derived from the Greek word "philosophia," means the "Love of Wisdom.“
Philosophical inquiry involves questioning, critical discussion, arguments, and presentations.
 Historical figures like Pythagoras and Socrates were identified as philosophers.
 A philosopher should possess the ability to engage in critical discussions and seek the "true
reality.
 Philosophy encompasses the explanation of various disciplines, including sociology, psychology,
and specific phenomena.
 Definition
Philosophy is challenging to define precisely, but it is often associated with the pursuit of
knowledge and wisdom.
 Quality, defined as excellence and superiority, is challenging to quantify, especially in higher
education, where it should focus on fitness for purpose and transformation.
 Ensuring learning opportunities for students involves effective teaching and support, requiring
continuous development.
 Careful distribution of resources, innovative programs, relevant training, development activities,
and international cooperation are essential in higher education.
 Support services and IT facilities play a vital role in providing effective learning experiences.
 Scope of Philosophy
 Philosophy's scope is all-encompassing, aiming to explore the entirety of reality.
 Despite its broad focus, philosophy includes specific branches, starting with metaphysics, which
delves into fundamental questions about the Divine, humanity, and the cosmos.
 Philosophy addresses issues related to our way of thinking, including logic (the study of valid
reasoning), epistemology (the study of what it means to know), and morality (examining the
fundamental concepts of right and wrong).
 Metaphysical questions encompass everything in reality.
 Philosophy's exploration of logic, epistemology, and morality helps the human mind understand
good and evil on a fundamental level.
 Branches of Philosophy
Axiology
Metaphysics
Epistemology
Ethics
Aesthetics
Logic
Political Philosophy
 Branches of Philosophy (contd.)
• Axiology, also known as the theory of value, delves into the concept of value and its influential
aspects in philosophy.
• It is often synonymous with Value Theory and primarily explores the concept of goodness,
seeking to understand the nature of value.
• Axiology examines the philosophical dimensions of value and addresses questions about the
essence of value and what is truly considered valuable.
 Branches of Philosophy (contd.)

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy concerned with understanding the nature of existence and
the relationships among all things, including God.
It encompasses two main areas: Cosmology, which explores the origin and destiny of the
universe, and Ontology, which investigates the types of entities that exist and their connections.
Before the rise of modern science, metaphysics addressed questions related to the natural world.
Metaphysical questions include inquiries about the existence of God and the nature of human
choice, as well as more contemporary issues like the nature of reality and the interconnection of
entities.
 Branches of Philosophy (contd.)
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that examines knowledge, originating from the Greek
term "episteme," meaning information, and "logy," which denotes the study of.
Central questions in Epistemology revolve around the nature of knowledge, such as defining
what knowledge is and whether it can ever be absolute.
Epistemology explores the limitations of human understanding, asking whether there are
boundaries to what humans can know.
The concept of skepticism is introduced, which questions the possibility of having any
knowledge at all, with some extreme forms denying the possibility of knowledge entirely.
 Branches of Philosophy (contd.)
Moral standards guide human behavior in everyday life and have various applications, including
within organizations.
Ethics deals with the concepts of good and bad, offering philosophical perspectives on proper
behavior.
Ethical views vary among philosophers based on their personal understanding and emotions.
Unlike epistemology, which concerns beliefs and reasoning, ethics focuses on how to live, act,
and organize communities.
 Branches of Philosophy (contd.)
Aesthetics
Beauty is a subjective concept, with each person having their own perspective on what it means.
Philosophical discussions in this context aim to define and understand different aspects and
forms of beauty.
 The debate revolves around whether beauty is purely subjective or if there can be objective
standards for beauty.
These discussions also explore individual preferences and seek to provide logical answers
regarding beauty.
A significant focus of Aesthetic Philosophy is the study of beauty and art, including discussions
on performing arts like music.
 Branches of Philosophy (contd.)
Logic
Logic is a familiar concept in everyday discussions, where people often recognize intelligent
ideas or actions as logical.
Logic involves the use of premises (two sentences) to form conclusions, a process known as a
syllogism, which was initiated by Aristotle.
Aristotle systematically categorized and provided evidence for different types of syllogistic logic
while demonstrating the deficiencies of others.
Immanuel Kant regarded Aristotle's logic as definitive and final, but logic has since evolved
significantly, particularly in the 20th century.
Modern symbolic logic, which is far more advanced than Aristotle's, has become an integral part
of contemporary philosophy, enabling a deeper understanding of complex reasoning and fostering
intellectual development.
 Branches of Philosophy (contd.)
Political Philosophy
Political Philosophy combines politics and philosophy, focusing on government, rules, freedom,
justice, authority, ethics, and more.
 It explores the need for states, their components, and their roles in society.
 Political philosophy aims to discuss political life theoretically based on values.
 It encompasses the study of the state's nature, scope, functions, and human development.
Political philosophy addresses questions about political issues and guides society toward
perfection.
Influential philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, and Locke contributed to the development
of well-structured political societies.
Different regions, including ancient Greece, India (Chanakya's 'Arthashastra' and 'Manusmriti'),
and China (Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism), had unique political philosophies emphasizing
political stability and ethical governance.
 Ethics: Definition
1. **Origin of Ethics**: Ethics, derived from the Greek word 'ethos,' is centered on defining a set of
rules and regulations governing human behavior, distinguishing between what is good and bad.

2. **Definition Variations**: Various scholars offer different definitions of ethics, including

descriptions such as the study of customs, the investigation of what is good or right in behavior, and
the study of the Highest Good.

3. **Character and Conduct**: Ethics is concerned with both psychological characteristics like
sympathy and kindness and the actual behavior of individuals. It is linked to a person's character
(inner disposition) and their actions (how they act).

4. **Role in Research**: Research ethics involves doing what is morally and legally right in the
research process. It entails adhering to principles that distinguish between right and wrong, acceptable
and unacceptable conduct. and standards, evaluating what is right and real in human behavior.
 Moral Philosophy
 Ethics is rooted in an individual's practical life and behavior.
 Ethics encompasses a person's entire life, while art is specific to fields like painting, music, etc.
 Skills and capacities define art, while a good person follows rules to be considered moral.
 Morality is linked to specific activities, whereas an artist's talent is assessed based on their work.
 Intention and volition are considered in judging human behavior, unlike in judging art.
 Artists may abandon their craft, but a good person cannot give up ethics.
 Indian ethics emphasize living a disciplined life, blending spiritual and intellectual aspects to
achieve perfection, with a focus on transcending dualities to realize supreme reality.
 Moral Judgement
1. Moral judgment is a crucial element in moral consciousness, involving the use of reason to
assess a moral standard and evaluate deliberate actions.
2. It involves determining whether voluntary activities are right or wrong and is influenced by
emotional circumstances and moral sentiments.
3. Moral obligation, or the feeling of obligation, is a key component of moral awareness, and moral
judgment relies on genuine conviction.
4. Ethical judgment includes a desire to make the best decision and a commitment to avoid
wrongdoing.
5. It assesses the ethical worth or nature of an action, evaluating the rightness or wrongness of
actions.
THANK
YOU!!