INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKES

& EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
SHAHANA C I
ROLL NO:14
M2 SE
 WHAT IS EATHQUAKE?

An earthquake is a
natural phenomenon
that occurs when there
is a sudden release of
energy from within the
Earth's crust that
creates seismic waves.
These waves can cause
shaking, trembling, and
ground displacement.
2 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES

When two plates move against each

Tectonic plate movement other, the friction between them can
cause a build-up of energy that is released
in the form of an earthquake.

Earthquakes can also be caused by

Volcanic activity volcanic activity. As magma rises to the
surface, it can cause the ground above it
to shift and create seismic waves.

In some cases, earthquakes can also be

Human activity triggered by human activity such as
mining, drilling, or the construction of
large dams.
4 Ground shaking: The most obvious effect of an earthquake is
ground shaking, which can range from a slight tremor to violent
shaking that can cause buildings to collapse.

Landslides and rockfalls: Earthquakes can cause the ground to

become unstable, leading to landslides and rockfalls that can be
dangerous for people and infrastructure.
EFFECTS OF
EARTHQUAKES
Tsunamis: If an earthquake occurs under the ocean, it can
trigger a tsunami, which is a series of powerful waves that can
cause widespread destruction along coastlines.

Structural damage: Buildings, bridges, and other structures can

be damaged or destroyed by the shaking caused by
earthquakes, leading to significant economic and social impacts.
 MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKES

•Magnitude and Intensity are both important measures

of earthquakes, but they are used in different contexts
and provide different information about the seismic
event.

•Magnitude is a measure of the total energy released

by an earthquake

• Intensity is a measure of the shaking and damage

caused by the earthquake at a specific location.
 MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKES
MAGNITUDE
Magnitude is a measure of the
total energy released by an
earthquake.
Measured using either the Richter
scale or the moment magnitude
scale and is reported as a number,
such as 6.0 or 7.5.
Depends on the size of the
earthquake.
INTENSITY
Intensity is a measure of the
shaking and damage caused by an
earthquake at a specific location.
Measured using the Modified
Mercalli Intensity scale and is
reported as a Roman numeral,
such as VII or X.
Depends on factors such as the
distance from the epicenter, the
type of ground, and the design and
construction of buildings and
infrastructure.
 MAGNITUDE INTENSITY

Does not directly indicate the Provides a better measure of

severity of the damage caused the actual effects of an
by an earthquake. earthquake on people,
buildings, and infrastructure.
Useful for comparing the Useful for assessing the actual
relative strength of impact of an earthquake on
earthquakes. specific locations and
populations.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT
Earthquake hazard assessment is the process of identifying
areas that are at risk of earthquakes and estimating the likely
severity of earthquake-related ground shaking
ground rupture, liquefaction, and other effects.

Historical analysis:
This involves studying historical records to identify areas that
have experienced earthquakes in the past and estimating
the frequency and intensity of past earthquakes.

Geologic analysis:
This involves studying the geology of an area to identify
active faults and other features that could indicate
earthquake hazard.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT
Seismological analysis:

This involves analyzing seismic data to identify areas of high

seismic activity and estimate the likelihood of future
earthquakes.

Ground motion simulation:

This involves using computer models to simulate the ground

shaking that would be caused by an earthquake in a
particular area.
SIESMIC HAZARD MAP

These maps show the estimated ground shaking intensity in

different areas, based on factors such as the local geology
and the estimated size and frequency of earthquakes.
 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Branch of engineering that deals with the design and

construction of structures and infrastructure to
withstand earthquakes.

The main goal of earthquake engineering is to minimize

the damage and loss of life caused by earthquakes by
developing effective and efficient strategies for building
earthquake-resistant structures.
DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES

SEISMIC ISOLATION

This involves isolating the

structure from the ground
using flexible bearings or
shock absorbers, which
absorb the energy of seismic
waves and reduce the impact
on the structure.
 DAMPING

This involves using devices

such as viscous dampers
or tuned mass dampers to
dissipate seismic energy
and reduce the impact on
the structure.

VISCOUS DAMPER
 BRACING AND SHEAR WALLS

By providing bracings and shear wall, it can resist lateral

forces and provide stiffness and stability to the structure.

BRACINGS SHEAR WALLS

 REINFORCED CONCRETE AND STEEL

Reinforced concrete and steel provided in earthquake-

resistant structures because of their high strength and
ductility.

DESIGN CODES AND STANDARDS FOR

EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES

•Indian Standard Code of Practice for Seismic Design

of Buildings (IS: 1893)

•Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads

(IS: 875 Part 1-5)
SIESMIC RETROFITTING

•Retrofitting is the process of making changes or

modifications to an existing structure or building to improve
its safety, efficiency, functionality, or performance.

•Seismic retrofitting, in particular, refers to the process of

reinforcing a building's structure to make it more resistant to
earthquake forces.

•It is essential because it helps to improve the safety and

functionality of buildings, especially in areas prone to natural
disasters such as earthquakes.
RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES

•Foundation Bolting: This involves adding bolts to the

foundation of a building to secure it to the ground.

•Bracing: This involves adding diagonal braces to the

structure to increase its resistance to lateral forces.

•Shear Wall: This involves adding a reinforced wall to the

structure to provide additional resistance to horizontal
forces.

•Steel Frame Retrofitting: This involves adding steel frames

to a building to improve its resistance to seismic forces.
RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES

•Dampers: This involves adding dampers to the structure to

absorb the energy released during an earthquake.

•Base Isolation: This involves separating the building from

the ground using isolators to reduce the impact of seismic
waves on the structure.
REFERENCE

• S K Duggal, Earthquake resistant Design Of Structures, Oxford

University, 2007.

• Pankaj Agarwal, Manish Shrikhande, Jr., Earthquake resistant

Design Of Structures, 2006.

• Chetan Jaiprakash Study Of Seismic Retrofitting Techniques,

IRJET, Vol 07, 2020.