FERTILITY

MANAGEMENT
PRESENTATION BY GROUP 5
 WHAT IS FERTILITY?
• ability of an individual or couple to reproduce through
normal sexual activity.
• Normal fertility requires the production of enough
healthy sperm by the male and viable eggs by the female,
successful passage of the sperm through open ducts from
the male testes to the female fallopian tubes, penetration
of a healthy egg, and implantation of the fertilized egg in
the lining of the uterus.
• MALE FERTILITY - A complex process. In order to make
a woman pregnant. A male should produce normal
healthy sperms. Initially. The growth and formation of the
male reproductive organs during puberty
• FEMALE FERTILITY – A woman’s ability to conceive a
biological child
FERTILITY RATE.
• average number of children born to
women during their reproductive
years.
• Tracking fertility rates allows for
more efficient and beneficial planning
and resource allocation within a
particular region. If a country
experiences unusually high sustained
fertility rates, it may need to build
additional schools or expand access to
affordable child care.
FERTILITY BASICS- EGG AND SPERM PRODUCTION
• A woman’s reproductive system must produce the
hormones that result in ovulation, which is when an
egg is released from one of the ovaries. This occurs
once per month during the childbearing years.
• A man’s reproductive system must produce sperm
cells in the testes. After puberty, new sperm cells are
generated daily.

https://www.austinfertility.com/egg-sperm-facts/
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
• A couple must have sexual intercourse (or semen must come in contact with
the vaginal area) during the five to six days prior to ovulation.
• During ejaculation, sperm stored in the vas deferens gets mixed together with
semen created in the prostate and seminal vesicles. This mixture of sperm and
fluid is forced out from the penis by a series of muscular contractions.
• FERTILIZATION-After sexual intercourse, semen collects in the cervical
area. Next, sperm cells must swim out from the semen and into the
cervical mucus, through the cervical opening into the uterus, and on to
the fallopian tubes.
• The strongest and healthiest sperm (a very small percentage of the total)
linger in the fallopian tubes. After an egg is released from one of the ovaries,
it enters the fallopian tubes. In the fallopian tubes, one of the waiting sperm
cells burrows itself into the egg. This is the moment of fertilization.
 IMPLANTATION AND PREGNANCY
• After ovulation, the reproductive system releases a
new cocktail of hormones that builds up the
endometrium, or uterine lining. The fertilized egg
(or embryo) goes through a series of cell divisions.
As this is happening, the embryo travels down the
fallopian tube into the uterus.
• Once the embryo reaches the uterus, it eventually
implants itself into the uterine lining, or
endometrium. This occurs about four to 10 days
after fertilization.
• After implantation, the embryo creates both fetal
cells and placental cells. The hormone human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or the "pregnancy
hormone," will begin to be produced. About one
week later, or approximately 14 days after
ovulation, there is enough circulating hCG for a https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fwhat-is-implantation-in-
pregnancy-symptoms-signs-quiz.html&psig=AOvVaw32zrBs7ZCael8u-
pregnancy test to give a positive result. RNs3ltF&ust=1690335156902000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjhxqFwoTCJD0477aqIADFQAAA
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 FERTILITY
• However, Fertility does not come easily to
everyone.
• About 11% of couples will face infertility- the
inability to conceive naturally after one year of
unprotected intercourse. Fertility is only a female
issue. People of all genders can experience
infertility, and everyone can tale steps to improve
their fertility.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Fhealth%2FWhat-is-Infertility.aspx&psig=AOvVaw0RMD6H9xJZyiYHH-
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WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF INFERTILITY ?
• You are age 35 or older, and you've been trying get
pregnant for six months.
• You're younger than 35 and have had unprotected
sexual intercourse for one year without getting
pregnant.
• You have had two or more successive pregnancy losses.
• You have any risk factors for infertility.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.verywellfamily.com%2Fsymptoms-of-infertility-
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MOST COMMON SYMPTOMS OF A FERTILITY PROBLEM
• Irregular menstrual cycles
• Unusually light or heavy bleeding and bad menstrual cramps
• Unusually heavy periods or abnormal menstrual bleeding
• Pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse
• Sexual dysfunction (including erectile dysfunction or low libido)
• Problems with sexual function — for example, difficulty with ejaculation
or small volumes of fluid ejaculated, reduced sexual desire, or difficulty
maintaining an erection (erectile dysfunction)
• Pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle area
• Recurrent respiratory infections
• Inability to smell
• Abnormal breast growth (gynecomastia)
• Decreased facial or body hair or other signs of a chromosomal or hormonal
abnormality
• A lower than normal sperm count (fewer than 15 million sperm per
milliliter of semen or a total sperm count of less than 39 million per
ejaculate)
 CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
• 1. Problems with the uterus: This includes polyps, fibroids,
septum or adhesion inside the cavity of the uterus.
• 2. Problems with the fallopian tubes: the most common cause
of “tubal factor” infertility is pelvic inflammatory disease.
• 3. Problems with ovulation: There are many reasons why a
woman may not ovulate (release of an egg) regularly.
• 4. problems with egg number and quality: Women are born
with all the eggs they will ever have, and this supply can run
out early before menopause.

https://ferticity.com/infertility-causes-signs-in-men-women/
FACTORS AFFECTING MALE AND FEMALE INFERTILITY

• AGE- at the age of 20s, women are most

fertile and have the best chance of getting
pregnant. This is the time when they have
the highest number of good quality eggs
available and pregnancy risks are lowest.
While men can remain fertile for a more
extended period than women, advancing age
can still lead to a decline in sperm quality.
• Hormonal Imbalances- Disorders like
polycystic ovary syndrome, can result of
hormonal imbalances in women. Men may
also experience hormonal disorders that
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
affect their fertility, such as low testosterone %2FPolycystic_ovary_syndrome&psig=AOvVaw1sdzVANMI3d-_FqJBov-
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• LIFESTYLE FACTORS- Smoking, binge
drinking, drug use, and stress are examples
of lifestyle that might influence fertility
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS-
Exposure to particular poisons and
chemicals.
• GAMETES QUALITY AND https://www.utahfertility.com/lifestyle-factors-that-affect-fertility/
QUANTITY- Fertility is substantially
influenced by gametes . The likelihood of
successful fertilization can be decreased by
low quantity or poor quality
• CHRONIC DISEASE – Diabetes, hypothyroidism, Periodontal disease, Untreated Celiac Disease.
• MEDICATION SIDE EFFECTS

-Allergy medications, which may dry up cervical mucus

-Antidepressants, which may cause fertility problems for men

-Certain types of cancer treatment (radiation therapy near reproductive organs)

OBESITY- Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable infertility. Even being slightly
overweight can reduce female fertility.

Obesity can cause ovulation problems and may reduce sperm health.
HOW TO BOOST FERTILITY
• Improve Your Overall Health
• Eating a wholesome diet, with lots of antioxidant-rich vegetables and
fruits, healthy fats like olive oil and nuts, and healthy protein
• Exercising, but not over-exercising
• Getting enough sleep at night, at the right hours (night-shift workers may
be at a higher risk of miscarriage and infertility)
• Maintaining a healthy weight—not too heavy or too thin
• Practicing mind-body and relaxation techniques
• Taking a folic acid supplement
• Understand the mensural
cycle ; women should track
their menstrual cycle to
identify the fertile window
which is the time when
pregnancy is most likely to
occur

https://www.kjkhospital.com/menstrual-cycle-health/
• Have Sex More Often

If you have sex every other day or every two days, you're likely
to have sex at least once or twice during your most fertile time.
Many people think having sex daily is helpful, but sperm takes
one or two days to fully mature and regenerate. So if you have
sex every day, sperm may be immature.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.momjunction.com%2Farticles%2Flove-making-
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CBAQjhxqFwoTCOCekfrqqIADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ
• Maintain a healthy weight- This can
positively impact reproductive health in both
men and women.
• Limit exposure to toxins- Minimize ttps://reverehealth.com/live-better/tips-to-maintain-a-healthy-weight/
exposure to environmental toxins such as
certain chemicals, pesticides, and pollutants,
which can potentially interfere with fertility.
• Consider prenatal supplements- Such as
folic acid, can help support reproductive
health in women
• Seek medical advice- If you have been https://www.fcionline.com/article/how-environmental-toxin-exposures-impact-your-fertility /
trying to conceive for a significant amount
of time without success, it may be beneficial
to consult a healthcare professional

https://www.naturemade.com/collections/prenatal-postnatal-supplements

https://www.verywellfamily.com/when-should-you-seek-fertility-help-1959959
FERTILITY TESTING AND
TREATMENT
• These doctors can perform some basic fertility testing,
such as:
• An hysterosalpingogram (HSG), which is a special
kind of x-ray used to evaluate the uterus and fallopian
https://rmanetwork.com/blog/expect-hysterosalpingogram-hsg/
tubes
• Blood work to measure hormone levels

• SEMEN ANALYSIS

https://bloodtestslondon.com/products/male-hormone-blood-test-profile

https://metromaleclinic.com/semen-analysis-what-you-should-know/
COMMON FERTILITY TREATMENT

https://www.invitra.com/en/assisted-reproduction/general-proces-invitro-fertilization/

• IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)- type of fertility treatment where eggs are

combined with sperm outside of your body in a lab. It's a method used by people who
need help achieving pregnancy. IVF involves many complex steps and is an effective
form of assisted reproductive technology (ART).
 https://www.fertilitysmarts.com/intro-to-intracytoplasmic-sperm-injection-icsi/2/1206
• INTRACYRTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION, or ICSI, is a form of in
vitro fertilization. That means the egg is fertilized outside the body. First, egg
cells are harvested. Then they're placed in a special media in a laboratory dish.
Within a few hours, a sperm is injected through a fine needle into the center of
an egg.
 https://prashanthfertility.com/intra-uterine-insemination.html

• INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION (IUI)

a fertility treatment that gives sperm a better chance at fertilizing an egg. This treatment
can improve pregnancy chances for some couples and individuals. During intercourse,
only a few hundred sperm reach the egg under ideal conditions.
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001502829800017X

• ASSISTED HATCHING

a procedure where we can help the embryo “hatch” from its “shell” by creating a small
crack in the zona pellucida. It is believed that assisted hatching can help an embryo
implant in the uterus, leading to higher pregnancy rates in some patients.
 https://www.invitra.com/en/third-party-reproduction/

• THIRD PARTY ART

Third-party reproduction is a form of assisted reproduction in which a woman agrees to bear a

child on behalf of and relinquish the child to an individual or couple who intend to rear the child.
COMPLICATIONS OF TREATMENT
However, there are some risks to be aware of, which include:
• having a multiple pregnancy or birth (twins, triplets or more)
• ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (a severe reaction to fertility drugs)
• having an ectopic pregnancy.
• possible birth defects (these are rare and research is still ongoing).

https://blog.rtbhouse.com/what-are-the-differences-between-brand-visibility-and-brand-awareness/
COPING WITH FERTILITY
• Strategies to help cope with infertility :

1. SELF CARE

2. MIND-BODY Therapy

3. Involve in the life of a child

4. Acknowledge your feelings

5. Always be honest with your partner

6. Speak with a trusted counselor

7. Re-establish intimacy with your partner

8. Be optimistic but also realistic

9. Don’t blame yourself

10. Understand Your options.

https://www.verywellfamily.com/fertility-4014725